Simple Singleton Using ENUM

MySingleton.java

public enum MySingleton {
  INSTANCE;   
}

Enum Classes has Private Constructor by Default

The Above code can be explicitly written as

MySingleton.java

public enum MySingleton {
    public final static MySingleton INSTANCE = new MySingleton();
    private MySingleton() {
    }
}

When your code first accesses INSTANCE, the class MySingleton will be loaded and initialized by the JVM. This process initializes the static field above once (lazily).

Why cant enum constructors be protected or public in Java?
Enums as a class with a finite number of instances. There can never be any different instances beside the ones you initially declare.Thus, you cannot have a public or protected constructor, because that would allow more instances to be created.

In which scenario we should serialize a singleton?
Imagine you have a long-running app and want to be able to shut it down and later continue at the point where it was shut down (e.g. in order to do hardware maintenance). If the app uses a singleton that is stateful, you’d have to be able to save and restore the sigleton’s state, which is most easily done by serializing it.

Is it possible to serialize a singleton object?
2 Methods

1. By using ENUM : ENUM implements Serializable by Default
2. By adding implements Serializable to class to make it serializable, and delaring all instance fields transient (to prevent a serialization attack) and provide a readResolve method.

readResolve() method in Singleton Class implementing Serialization

.
.
// readResolve method to preserve singleton property
private Object readResolve() {
     // Return the one true Elvis and let the garbage collector
     // take care of the Elvis impersonator.
    return INSTANCE;
}
.
.

Why you need readResolve() Method
This method will be invoked when you will de-serialize the object. Inside this method, you must return the existing instance to ensure single instance application wide.

The Way serialization works is as below

Serializes the Object Property -> Stores to Persistent Storage
From Persistent Storage -> Creates new Object and Sets Properties of Object

The Object Before Serialization and after Serialization are not same. Only the Object Properties are same

Now lets take a simple Example where we serializes the PrintReport Class which has priority as one of its Object Variable.priority tells which should be given first preference while printing

PrintReport.java

package com.mugil.org;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class PrintReport implements Serializable {
    private static PrintReport instance = null;
	 
    public static PrintReport getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new PrintReport();
        }
        return instance;
    }
    
    private transient int priority = 2;

	public int getPriority() {
		return priority;
	}
	
	public void setPriority(int priority) {
		this.priority = priority;
	}
}

Now when the above singleton which implements serialization gets called as below

PrintMedicalReport.java

package com.mugil.org;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInput;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutput;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;

public class PrintMedicalReport 
{	
	 static PrintReport instanceOne = PrintReport.getInstance();
	 
	    public static void main(String[] args) {
	        try {
	            // Serialize to a file
	            ObjectOutput out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(
	                    "filename.ser"));
	            out.writeObject(instanceOne);
	            out.close();
	            
	            instanceOne.setPriority(1);
	            
	            // Serialize to a file
	            ObjectInput in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(
	                    "filename.ser"));
	            PrintReport instanceTwo = (PrintReport) in.readObject();
	            in.close();
	 
	            System.out.println(instanceOne.getPriority());
	            System.out.println(instanceTwo.getPriority());
	 
	        } catch (IOException e) {
	            e.printStackTrace();
	        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
	            e.printStackTrace();
	        }
	    }
}

Output

1
2

Note in the above code the instanceOne.setPriority(2); should have been called before out.writeObject(instanceOne).But that is not the case since the example explains the Object are different before and after Serialization.Only Object Properties(Metadata) are stored during serialization not the actual object.

You can see the Class Prints default Priority value in the output.

Now in context to singleton we want to maintain exactly one Object exist before and after serialization. Not with two object with same set of attributes.To achieve this we add readResolve() Method.

PrintReport.java

package com.mugil.org;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class PrintReport implements Serializable {
	private volatile static PrintReport instance = null;
	 
    public static PrintReport getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new PrintReport();
        }
        return instance;
    }
    
    private int priority = 1;

	public int getPriority() {
		return priority;
	}
	
	public void setPriority(int priority) {
		this.priority = priority;
	}    
	     
    protected Object readResolve() {
        return instance;
    }   
}

Now when the PrintMedicalReport class gets executed the Output would be as below

Output

1
1

When you Serialize and Deserialize new file would be created and stored in disk every time.

In the above image by changing the filename.ser text you can change the attribute of objects serialized. This is known as Serialization attack. To overcome this you must declare all instance fields as transient.

Reference 2

Lets Consider the below Singleton code which uses Double Checked Locking

DoubleCheckLocking.java

public class DoubleCheckLocking 
{
    public static class SearchBox 
    {
        private static volatile SearchBox searchBox;

        //Private constructor
        private SearchBox() {}

        //Static method to get instance
        public static SearchBox getInstance() {
            if (searchBox == null) { // first time lock
                synchronized (SearchBox.class) {
                    if (searchBox == null) {  // second time lock
                        searchBox = new SearchBox();
                    }
                }
            }
            return searchBox;
        }
}

Lets dive deep into the code where Double Checking actually takes place

  if (searchBox == null) { // first time lock
                synchronized (SearchBox.class) {
                    if (searchBox == null) {  // second time lock
                        searchBox = new SearchBox();
                    }
                }
            }

1. Lets say we have two threads A and B and lets assume that atleast one of them reaches line 3 and observes searchBox == null is true.
2. Two threads can not both be at line 3 at the same time because of the synchronized block. This is the key to understanding why double-checked locking works.
3. So, it must the case that either A or B made it through synchronized first. Without loss of generality, say that that thread is A. Then, upon seeing searchBox == null is true, it will enter the body of the statement, and set searchBox to a new instance of SearchBox. It will then eventually exit the synchronized block.
4. Now it will be B’s turn to enter: remember, B was blocked waiting for A to exit. Now when it enters the block, it will observe searchBox. But A will have left just having set searchBox to a non-null value.