Consonant
The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y
Vowels
a,e,i,o,u, y is Special Vowel
Bicycle Pretty Why
In the above words y is spelled like i
Noun is person, place, animal, thing e.g. book,park,umbrella, elephant, dcotor, orange
Use of Articles in Front of Vowels
A Banana
An Apple(Apple starts with vowel A)
A Cat
A Boy
An Egg
The Cat(Particular Cat)
Singular & Plural Noun
Singular Noun
A ring
A Dog
A Teacher
An Apple
An Egg
Plural Noun and their Singular
Two Rings – A Ring
Three Dogs – A Dog
Four Teachers – A Teacher
Five Apples – An Apple
Six Eggs – An Egg
To make plural we use s (or) es
A Bus – Two Buses
A Box – Two Boxes
A Watch – Two Watches
How to Decide s or es
If the noun ends with ch,sh,x,ss we should put es
Church – Churches
Brush – Brushes
Fox – Foxes
Dress – Dresses
Special Noun for Noun
Potato – Potatoes
Tomato – Tomatoes
Volcano – Volcanoes
where as
Photo – Photos
Pronoun (or) Subjective Pronoun
I,He,She, It, You,We,They
Jenny Sings – She Sings
Jack Sings – He Sings
Jenny and Jack Sings – They Sings
The Cat Runs – It Runs
The Dog and Cat Runs – They Runs
My Students Study – They Study
John is Handsome – He is Handsome
Pizza is Delicious – It is Delicious
“Be” verbs indicate a state of being.
Am, is, are
Pronoun + Be Verb – Contractions
I am – I’m
He is – He’s
She is – She’s
It is – It’s
You are – You’re
We are – We’re
They are – They’re
A Contraction is common way to tell Subjective Pronoun and Be Verb
I’m a Student [Don’t miss a in middle]
It’s a Dog [Don’t miss a in middle]
We’re Students [Many Student so no a In between]
They’re Students [Many Student so no a In between]
Pronouns + Be Verb + Not
I’m not a Student
He’s not a Student
You’re not Students [Note : a is missing in front of Student]
They’re not Students [Note : a is missing in front of Student]
BE verbs comes in front of a question
Am I a teacher
BE verbs follows pronoun in answer
I am not a teacher
Question Singular and Plural
What is it?
It is a box
If there is single box it would be it
What are they?
They are boxes
If there are multiple boxes it would be they
Examples
What is it?
It is a cat.
What are they?
They are Cats
Singular – is – Only one thing
Plural – are – Group of thing
This and That
We use this to point to one noun that is close
I.E.
This is flower
We use that to point to one noun that is away
I.E.
That is flower
This and That in Question
Example
Is this a Flower?
Is that a Flower?
These and Those
These are Flowers(Closer)
Those are Flowers(Away)
These and Those in Questions
Are these Flowers?(Closer) No they aren’t.
Are those Flowers?(Away) No they aren’t.
| Close | Far |
|---|---|
| This | That |
| These | Those |
Possessive Adjective
Used to tell something belongs to me or Someone else
| Subjective Pronoun | Possessive Adjective |
|---|---|
| I | My |
| He | His |
| She | Her |
| It | Its |
| You | Your |
| We | Our |
| They | Their |
Possessive Adjective
Its and It’s are different
Your and You’re are different
Their and They’re are different
Possessive Pronoun
Something belongs to us (or) something owned by us. Possessive pronoun and possessive adjectives are almost same. In possessive pronoun you don’t stretch much on noun.
| Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun |
|---|---|
| This is his Hat | This is his |
| This is her dress | This is hers |
| This is their house | This is theirs |
| This is their books | These are theirs |
A/An/The
| a/an | the |
|---|---|
| anyone thing | specific thing |
| first time | second time |
| article to be used in front of noun | One and Only |
Examples
A banana is Delicious [All banana is delicious]
The banana is Old[Particular banana is old]
I watched a movie [First Time]
I watched the Movie.[Second Time]
The Sun[One and Only]
The Moon[One and Only]
More Examples
A lion is Dangerous Animal[All lions are dangerous]
It’s a Dog[Talking first time]
The Dog is Cute[Talking Second Time]
It’s an ant[Starts with vowel]
The ant is small[Particular ant]
It’s the moon.The moon is round[One and only moon]
Prepositions
a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’, ‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do it for ?’.
In/On/Under
Prepositions to tell where something is
The cat is in the Box
The Cat is on the Chair
The Cat under the Chair
Adjectives
Tells the attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.
Size, Shape, Color. Adjectives comes before noun
Examples
Its a Black Marker
Its a Blue Bird
Its an ugly ant
They are Red Apples
Have/Has
Both are used to show possessions
Have is used with some pronouns and plural nouns
I.E.
I have
You have
We have
They have
Examples
I have a great English teacher.
You have toothpaste on your chin.
We have a meeting at 12.
Nurses have a difficult job.
Has is used with the third person singular
I.E.
He has
She has
It has
Examples
She has a great personality.
He has a new haircut.
The washing machine has a leak in it.
It has a hole near the door.
| Sentence | Replaced with Subjective pronoun |
|---|---|
| The girl has long hair | She has long hair |
| The Boys have caps | They have caps |
| My mother and I have a Car | We have a car |
I have a Friend
He has an Umbrella
The dog has a bone
It has a bone
In negative sentence we use always have not has.The only thing which needed to be taken care is doesn’t or dont
- I don’t have
- He doesn’t have
- She doesn’t have
- It doesn’t have
- You don’t have
- We don’t have
- They don’t have
Do/Does + Have
Does should be followed by he,she,it
Do should be followed by you,we,they
Does he have a friend?
Does she have a friend?
Does it have a friend?
Do you have a friend?
Do we have a friend?
Do they have a friend?
Can I/Could I/May I
- All are used for getting permission
- May I is more polite than other two
E.G.
May I help you?
Can I help you again?
Could I Call you Later?
Could I borrow some money?
Can I go?
May I speak to Mr.Kim?
May I go to the bathroom?
Can I and Could I are almost similar
May I is more polite while speaking to someone who is more authoritative or superior than you
May I help you (Mostly heard from shop keepers)
Borrow/Lend Me
Use lend when you are giving money or items to someone.Use borrow when you are taking money or items from someone
You borrow something from somebody. In other words, you take something from someone for a limited time.
You lend something to somebody. In other words, you give something to someone for a limited time.
Wrong
Can I borrow Me your pencil?
Can I borrow your pencil?
Right
Can you lend me your pencil? (or)
Is it ok if I borrow your book?
Can I borrow your umbrella?
May I borrow some money?
Please lend me a pen?
I Lent my baking tin to Emily ages ago and I still haven’t got it back.
If you ask someone to give something or if you give someone – Lend or Lent
If you ask to get something to someone – borrow