Method reference is used to refer method of functional interface. It is compact and easy form of lambda expression. Each time when you are using lambda expression to just referring a method, you can replace your lambda expression with method reference.

3 types of method references:

  1. Reference to a static method
  2. Reference to an instance method
  3. Reference to a constructor

Reference to a static method
Syntax

  ClassName::MethodName
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
class Arithmetic 
 {
 public static int add(int a, int b) 
 {
  return a + b;
 }
}
public class MethodReference 
{
 public static void main(String[] args) 
 {
  BiFunction < Integer, Integer, Integer > adder = Arithmetic::add;
  int result = adder.apply(10, 20);
  System.out.println(result);
 }
}

Reference to an instance method
Syntax

Object::methodName
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
class Arithmetic 
 {
 public int add(int a, int b) 
 {
  return a + b;
 }
}
public class MethodReference 
{
 public static void main(String[] args) 
 {
  Arithmetic objArithmetic = new Arithmetic();
  BiFunction < Integer, Integer, Integer > adder = objArithmetic::add;
  int result = adder.apply(10, 20);
  System.out.println(result);
 }
}

Reference to a constructor
Syntax

ClassName::new  
interface Messageable {
 Message getMessage(String msg);
}
class Message {
 Message(String msg) {
  System.out.print(msg);
 }
}
public class ConstructorReference {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  Messageable hello = Message::new;
  hello.getMessage("Hello");
 }
}

1.What is the Default Size and Capacity of ArrayList in Java 8?What is the Maximum Size of ArrayList?
Size is the number of elements you have placed into the arrayList while capacity is the max number of elements the arrayList can take. Once you’ve reached max, the capacity is doubled.The initial List size is zero (unless you specify otherwise).However the initial capacity of ArrayList is 10.The size of the list is the number of elements in it. The capacity of the list is the number of elements the backing data structure can hold at this time. The size will change as elements are added to or removed from the list. The capacity will change when the implementation of the list you’re using needs it to. (The size, of course, will never be bigger than the capacity.)

When it has to grow, this is used:

 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)

oldCapacity >> 1 is division by two, so it grows by 1.5

int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + 0.5*oldCapacity; 
int newCapacity = 1.5*oldCapacity ;

Maximum Size of ArrayList
It would depend on the implementation, but the limit is not defined by the List interface.An ArrayList can’t hold more than Integer.MAX_VALUE elements

2.Difference is between a fixed size container (data structure) and a variable size container.
An array is a fixed size container, the number of elements it holds is established when the array is created and never changes. (When the array is created all of those elements will have some default value, e.g., null for reference types or 0 for ints, but they’ll all be there in the array: you can index each and every one.)

A list is a variable size container, the number of elements in it can change, ranging from 0 to as many as you want (subject to implementation limits). After creation the number of elements can either grow or shrink. At all times you can retrieve any element by its index.

List is actually an interface and it can be implemented in many different ways. Thus, ArrayList, LinkedList, etc. There is a data structure “behind” the list to actually hold the elements. And that data structure itself might be fixed size or variable size, and at any given time might have the exact size of the number of elements in the list, or it might have some extra “buffer” space.The LinkedList, for example, always has in its underlying data structure exactly the same number of “places for elements” as are in the list it is representing. But the ArrayList uses a fixed length array as its backing store.

3.How to create a Synchronized ArrayList
There are two ways to Synchronize ArrayList

  1. Collections.synchronizedList() method – It returns synchronized list backed by the specified list.
  2. CopyOnWriteArrayList class – It is a thread-safe variant of ArrayList.It achieves thread-safety by creating a separate copy of List which is a is different way than vector or other collections use to provide thread-safety

More here

4.Why to use arrayList when vector is synchronized?
Vector synchronizes at the level of each individual operation. Generally a programmer like to synchronize a whole sequence of operations. Synchronizing individual operations is both less safe and slower.Vectors are considered obsolete an d unofficially deprecated in java.

5.Difference between CopyOnWriteArrayList and synchronizedList
Both synchronizedList and CopyOnWriteArrayList take a lock on the entire array during write operations.The difference emerges if you look at other operations, such as iterating over every element of the collection. The documentation for Collections.synchronizedList says It is imperative that the user manually synchronize on the returned list when iterating over it.Failure to follow this advice may result in non-deterministic behavior.

 List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList());
    ...
    synchronized (list) {
        Iterator i = list.iterator(); // Must be in synchronized block
        while (i.hasNext())
            foo(i.next());
    }

Iterating over a synchronizedList is not thread-safe unless you do locking manually. Note that when using this technique, all operations by other threads on this list, including iterations, gets, sets, adds, and removals, are blocked. Only one thread at a time can do anything with this collection.

CopyOnWriteArrayList uses “snapshot” style iterator method uses a reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is guaranteed not to throw ConcurrentModificationException. The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to the list since the iterator was created. “snapshot” style iterator method uses a reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is guaranteed not to throw ConcurrentModificationException. The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to the list since the iterator was created.

Operations by other threads on this list can proceed concurrently, but the iteration isn’t affected by changes made by any other threads. So, even though write operations lock the entire list, CopyOnWriteArrayList still can provide higher throughput than an ordinary synchronizedList.

6.What is Functional Interface?What are the rules to define a Functional Interface?Is it Mandatory to define @FunctionalInterface annotation?
Functional Interface also know as Single Abstract Method(SAM) interface contains one and only one abstract method. @FunctionalInterface is not amndatory but tells other developers the interface is Functional and prevents them from adding anymore methods to it.We can have any number of Default methods and Static methods.Overridding methods in java.lang.object such as equals and hashcode doesnot count as an abstract method. More here

7.Difference between Streams and Collections?

Stream Collections
A stream is not a data structure that stores elements; instead, it conveys elements from a source such as a data structure, an array, a generator function, or an I/O channel, through a pipeline of computational operations. Collection is a Datastructure
An operation on a stream produces a result, but does not modify its source. For example, filtering a Stream obtained from a collection produces a new Stream without the filtered elements, rather than removing elements from the source collection. Operation on collection will have direct impact on collection object itself
Streams are based on ‘process-only, on-demand’ strategy.Many stream operations, such as filtering, mapping, or duplicate removal, can be implemented lazily, exposing opportunities for optimization. Stream operations are divided into intermediate (Stream-producing) operations and terminal (value- or side-effect-producing) operations. Intermediate operations are always lazy. All Data Values in collections are processed in single shot
Stream acts upon infinite set of Values i.e. infinite stream Collections always act upon finite set of Data
The elements of a stream are only visited once during the life of a stream. Like an Iterator, a new stream must be generated to revisit the same elements of the source. Collections can be iterated any number of Times

8.How do I read / convert an InputStream into a String in Java?
Using Apache commons IOUtils to copy the InputStream into a StringWriter

StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
IOUtils.copy(inputStream, writer, encoding);
String theString = writer.toString();
String theString = IOUtils.toString(inputStream, encoding); 

Using only the standard Java library

static String convertStreamToString(java.io.InputStream is) {
    java.util.Scanner s = new java.util.Scanner(is).useDelimiter("\\A");
    return s.hasNext() ? s.next() : "";
}

Scanner iterates over tokens in the stream, and in this case we separate tokens using “beginning of the input boundary” (\A), thus giving us only one token for the entire contents of the stream.

9.How do I convert a String to an InputStream in Java?

InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(exampleString.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

Using Apache Commons IO

String source = "This is the source of my input stream";
InputStream in = org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toInputStream(source, "UTF-8");

Using StringReader

String charset = ...; // your charset
byte[] bytes = string.getBytes(charset);
ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(bais);

10.Difference between hashtable and hashmap?
Click here

11.What is exception-masking?
When code in a try block throws an exception, and the close method in the finally also throws an exception, the exception thrown by the try block gets lost and the exception thrown in the finally gets propagated. This is usually unfortunate, since the exception thrown on close is something unhelpful while the useful exception is the informative one. Using try-with-resources to close your resources will prevent any exception-masking from taking place.

11.Try With Resources vs Try-Catch

  1. The main point of try-with-resources is to make sure resources are closed, without requiring the application code to do it.
  2. when there are situations where two independent exceptions can be thrown in sibling code blocks, in particular in the try block of a try-with-resources statement and the compiler-generated finally block which closes the resource. In these situations, only one of the thrown exceptions can be propagated. In the try-with-resources statement, when there are two such exceptions, the exception originating from the try block is propagated and the exception from the finally block is added to the list of exceptions suppressed by the exception from the try block. As an exception unwinds the stack, it can accumulate multiple suppressed exceptions.
  3. On the other hand if your code completes normally but the resource you’re using throws an exception on close, that exception (which would get suppressed if the code in the try block threw anything) gets thrown. That means that if you have some JDBC code where a ResultSet or PreparedStatement is closed by try-with-resources, an exception resulting from some infrastructure glitch when a JDBC object gets closed can be thrown and can rollback an operation that otherwise would have completed successfully.

12.How to get Suppressed Exceptions?
only one exception can be thrown by a method (per execution) but it is possible, in the case of a try-with-resources, for multiple exceptions to be thrown. For instance one might be thrown in the block and another might be thrown from the implicit finally provided by the try-with-resources.The compiler has to determine which of these to “really” throw. It chooses to throw the exception raised in the explicit code (the code in the try block) rather than the one thrown by the implicit code (the finally block). Therefore the exception(s) thrown in the implicit block are suppressed (ignored). This only occurs in the case of multiple exceptions.

The try-catch-resource block does expose the suppressed exception using the new (since Java 1.7) getSuppressed() method. This method returns all of the suppressed exceptions by the try-catch-resource block (notice that it returns ALL of the suppressed exceptions if more than one occurred). A caller might use the following structure to reconcile with existing behavior

try { 
  testJava7TryCatchWithExceptionOnFinally(); //Method throws exception in both try and finally block
} catch (IOException e) {   
  Throwable[] suppressed = e.getSuppressed();
    for (Throwable t : suppressed) {
    // Check T's type and decide on action to be taken
  }
}

13.How do you avoid fuzzy try-catch blocks in code like one below?

try{ 
     ...
     stmts
     ...
} 
catch(Exception ex) {
     ... 
     stmts
     ... 
} finally {
     connection.close // throws an exception
}

Write a SQLUtils class that contains static closeQuietly methods that catch and log such exceptions, then use as appropriate.

public class SQLUtils 
{
  private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(SQLUtils.class);

  public static void closeQuietly(Connection connection)
  {
    try
    {
      if (connection != null)
      {
        connection.close();
      }
    }
    catch (SQLExcetpion e)
    {
      log.error("An error occurred closing connection.", e);
    }
  }

  public static void closeQuietly(Statement statement)
  {
    try
    {
      if (statement!= null)
      {
        statement.close();
      }
    }
    catch (SQLExcetpion e)
    {
      log.error("An error occurred closing statement.", e);
    }
  }

  public static void closeQuietly(ResultSet resultSet)
  {
    try
    {
      if (resultSet!= null)
      {
        resultSet.close();
      }
    }
    catch (SQLExcetpion e)
    {
      log.error("An error occurred closing result set.", e);
    }
  }
}

and

Connection connection = null;
Statement statement = null;
ResultSet resultSet = null;
try 
{
  connection = getConnection();
  statement = connection.prepareStatement(...);
  resultSet = statement.executeQuery();

  ...
}
finally
{
  SQLUtils.closeQuietly(resultSet);
  SQLUtils.closeQuietly(statment);
  SQLUtils.closeQuietly(connection);
}

14.What is Difference between Iterator and Split Iterator
A Spliterator can be used to split given element set into multiple sets so that we can perform some kind of operations/calculations on each set in different threads independently, possibly taking advantage of parallelism. It is designed as a parallel analogue of Iterator. Other than collections, the source of elements covered by a Spliterator could be, for example, an array, an IO channel, or a generator function.

There are 2 main methods in the Spliterator interface.

  1. tryAdvance()- With tryAdvance(), we can traverse underlying elements one by one (just like Iterator.next()). If a remaining element exists, this method performs the consumer action on it, returning true; else returns false.
  2. forEachRemaining() -For sequential bulk traversal we can use forEachRemaining()

A Spliterator is also a “smarter” Iterator, via it’s internal properties like DISTINCT or SORTED, etc (which you need to provide correctly when implementing your own Spliterator). These flags are used internally to disable unnecessary operations, also called optimizations, like this one for example:

 someStream().map(x -> y).count();

Because size does not change in case of the stream, the map can be skipped entirely, since all we do is counting.

You can create a Spliterator around an Iterator if you would need to, via:

Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(yourIterator, properties)

15.What is Type Inference?
Type Inference means determining the Type by compiler at compile-time.It is not new feature in Java SE 8. It is available in Java 7 and before Java 7 too.Java 8 uses Type inference for calling lambda expressions. Refer here

16.What is Optional in Java 8? What is the use of Optional?Advantages of Java 8 Optional?
Optional is a final Class introduced as part of Java SE 8. It is defined in java.util package.It is used to represent optional values that is either exist or not exist. It can contain either one value or zero value. If it contains a value, we can get it. Otherwise, we get nothing.It is a bounded collection that is it contains at most one element only. It is an alternative to “null” value.

17.What is difference between initialization and instantiation?
instantiation – This is when memory is allocated for an object. This is what the new keyword is doing. A reference to the object that was created is returned from the new keyword.
initialization – This is when values are put into the memory that was allocated. This is what the Constructor of a class does when using the new keyword.A variable must also be initialized by having the reference to some object in memory passed to it.
Refer here

18.What are different Method References in Java?

  1. Reference to a static method – ClassName::MethodName
  2. Reference to an instance method – Object::methodName
  3. Reference to a constructor – ClassName::new

Refer Here

19.What are the difference between predicate and function?
Predicate interface has an abstract method test(T t) which has a Boolean return type. Usage, when we need to return/check the condition as True or False. It is best suited to code.

Function interface has an abstract method apply which takes the argument of type T and returns a result of type R. Here, R is nothing but the type of result user wants to return. It may be Integer, String, Boolean, Double, Long.

20.Why to go for Optional instead of NULL Check?
The Effectiveness of Optional could be only seen during Chaining in Streams or when accessing multiple getters at once like one below

.
.
computer.getSoundcard().getUSB().getVersion();
.
.
.
Optional.ofNullable(modem2)
       .map(Modem::getPrice)
       .filter(p -> p >= 10)
       .filter(p -> p <= 15)
       .isPresent();

21.What is Lambda Expressions?
The Lambda expression is used to provide the implementation for abstract method in functional interface. No need to define the method again for providing the implementation. Here, we just write the implementation code.

@FunctionalInterfac
interface Drawable {
 public void draw();
}

public class LambdaExpressionExample2 {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  int width = 10;

  //with lambda  
  Drawable d2 = () -> {
   System.out.println("Drawing " + width);
  };
  d2.draw();
 }
}

22.How to handle Checked Exceptions in Lambda Expressions?
To handle checked exception we use a lambda wrapper for the lambda function. Refer here

23.What is the Difference between Lambda Expression and Anonymous Inner Class?
The key difference between Anonymous class and Lambda expression is the usage of ‘this’ keyword. In the anonymous classes, ‘this’ keyword resolves to anonymous class itself, whereas for lambda expression ‘this’ keyword resolves to enclosing class where lambda expression is written.

Another difference between lambda expression and anonymous class is in the way these two are compiled. Java compiler compiles lambda expressions and convert them into private method of the class. It uses invokedynamic instruction that was added in Java 7 to bind this method dynamically.

Functions reside in permanent memory whereas for classes the memory is loaded on demand.
Functions act on unrelated data whereas objects act on their own data.

Refer here

24.Why static methods are Not allowed in Interface prior to Java 8?
Prior to Java 8 Interface could only have abstract methods. If you are writing a static method and defining it then the defining of the static methods may vary based on the implementing classes. So if two classes implement static method and since the
purpose of interface is to provide multiple inheritance when the fourth class implementsthe second and third method which is overrided the it would lead to Diamond of Death Problem.
This is similar to same thing with default methods in Java 8

This Works

class Animal {
    public static void identify() {
        System.out.println("This is an animal");
    }
}
class Cat extends Animal {}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Animal.identify();
    Cat.identify(); // This compiles, even though it is not redefined in Cat.
}

This Doesnot Works

interface Animal {
    public static void identify() {
        System.out.println("This is an animal");
    }
}
class Cat implements Animal {}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Animal.identify();
    Cat.identify(); // This does not compile, because interface static methods do not inherit. (Why?)
}

Cat can only extend one class so if Cat extends Animal, Cat.identify has only one meaning. Cat can implement multiple interfaces each of which can have a static implementation.
So Java Compiler is not sure which implementation to call

25.Explain different memory Allocation in JVM?
Memory in Java is divided into two portions

Stack: One stack is created per thread and it stores stack frames which again stores local variables and if a variable is a reference type then that variable refers to a memory location in heap for the actual object.

Heap: All kinds of objects will be created in heap only.

Heap memory is again divided into 3 portions
Young Generation: Stores objects which have a short life, Young Generation itself can be divided into two categories Eden Space and Survivor Space.
Old Generation: Store objects which have survived many garbage collection cycles and still being referenced.
Permanent Generation: Stores metadata about the program e.g. runtime constant pool.

Spring Version 4

  1. Spring Framework 4.0 provides support for several Java 8 features
  2. Java EE version 6 or above with the JPA 2.0 and Servlet 3.0 specifications
  3. Groovy Bean Definition DSL- external bean configuration using a Groovy DSL
  4. Core Container Improvements
    1. The @Lazy annotation can now be used on injection points, as well as on @Bean definitions.
    2. The @Description annotation has been introduced for developers using Java-based configuration
    3. Using generics as autowiring qualifiers
    4. Beans can now be ordered when they are autowired into lists and arrays. Both the @Order annotation and Ordered interface are supported.
    5. A generalized model for conditionally filtering beans has been added via the @Conditional annotation

Spring Version 5

  1. Functional programming with Kotlin
  2. Reactive Programming Model.The Reactive Streams API is officially part of Java 9. In Java 8, you will need to include a dependency for the Reactive Streams API specification.
  3. @Nullable and @NotNull annotations will explicitly mark nullable arguments and return values. This enables dealing null values at compile time rather than throwing NullPointerExceptions at runtime.
  4. Spring Framework 5.0 now supports candidate component index as an alternative to classpath scanning..Reading entities from the index rather than scanning the classpath.Loading the component index is cheap. Therefore the startup time with the index remains constant as the number of classes increase. While for a compoent scan the startup time increases significantly.
  5. requires Java 8 as a minimum JDK version.Spring 5 is fully compatible with Java 9.
  6. Servlet 3.1,JMS 2.0,JPA 2.1,Hibernate5,JAX-RS 2.0,Bean Validation 1.1,JUnit 5

Java 7 Features:

  1. Usage of Strings in Switch Statement
  2. Diamond Operator – the diamond operator allows you to write more compact (and readable) code by saving repeated type arguments
  3. Try with Resources
  4. Multiple Exception Handling
  5. Suppressed Exceptions
  6. Allows Binay Literals – Binary Literal are expressing Integer Values in terms of Binary Value by adding the prefix 0b or 0B to the integral value.For more on BinayLiteral click here

Java 8 Features:

  1. Lambda Expressions
  2. Java Stream API for Bulk Data Operations on Collections.
  3. Static and Default method in Functional Interfaces
  4. forEach() method in Iterable interface
  5. Functional Interfaces
  6. Collection API improvements

Java 9 Features:

  1. Factory Methods for Immutable List, Set, Map and Map.Entry
  2. Private methods in Interfaces
  3. Reactive Streams
  4. JShell: the interactive Java REPL

Java 10 Features:

  1. Local-Variable Type Inference
  2. Application Class-Data Sharing
  3. default set of root Certification Authority (CA) certificates in the JDK
  4. Garbage Collector Interface

Java 11 Features:

  1. Java 11 JDK is not free for usage on commercial purpose
  2. No need to compile.typing >>Java in command prompt will compile and run java
  3. Remove the Java EE and CORBA Modules –
  4. Java String Methods – isBlank(), lines(), strip(), stripLeading(), stripTrailing()

Java 17 Features:

  1. LTS support and licenses Java 17 LTS is the latest long-term support release for the Java SE platform
  2. Pattern matching for the switch case
  3. Sealed classes and interfaces. Sealed classes and interfaces restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them.
    sealed class Human permits Manish, Vartika, Anjali 
    {    
        public void printName() 
        { 
            System.out.println("Default"); 
        } 
    } 
    
    non-sealed class Manish extends Human 
    { 
        public void printName() 
        { 
            System.out.println("Manish Sharma"); 
        } 
    } 
    

31.How will you make a HashMap of Unique Objects(Object with same Attributes should not be added more than once) or Mutable class does not allow override of HashCode and Equals?

If two objects are same then they must return same value in hashcode() and equals() method whenever invoked.It is not necessary that two different object must have different hashcode values. it might be possible that they share common hash bucket.

JVM assigns unique hashcode value to each object when they are created in memory and if developers don’t override the hashcode method then there is no way the two object returns same hashcode value.

Without HashCode

package com.mugil.org.qs;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;

public class Question31 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Map hmStudents = new HashMap();
		
		Student objStudent1 = new Student();
		objStudent1.setName("Abdul");
		objStudent1.setAge(23);
		
		hmStudents.put(objStudent1, "Playboy");
		
		Student objStudent2 = new Student();
		objStudent2.setName("Joseph");
		objStudent2.setAge(23);
		
		hmStudents.put(objStudent2, "Upcoming Playboy");
		
		
		Student objStudent4 = new Student();
		objStudent4.setName("Joseph");
		objStudent4.setAge(23);
		
		hmStudents.put(objStudent4, "Playboy");
		
		
		Iterator it = hmStudents.entrySet().iterator();
		
	    while (it.hasNext()) 
	    {
	        Map.Entry pair = (Map.Entry)it.next();
	        System.out.println(((Student)pair.getKey()).getName() + " = " + pair.getValue());
	        
	    }
	}
}

class Student
{
	String Name;
	Integer Age;
	
	public String getName() {
		return Name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		Name = name;
	}
	public Integer getAge() {
		return Age;
	}
	public void setAge(Integer age) {
		Age = age;
	}	
}

Output
Joseph = Playboy
Abdul = Playboy
Joseph = Upcoming Playboy

With HashCode Object with same value gets replaced

class Student
{
	String Name;
	Integer Age;
	
	public String getName() {
		return Name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		Name = name;
	}
	public Integer getAge() {
		return Age;
	}
	public void setAge(Integer age) {
		Age = age;
	}
	
	
	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		final int prime = 31;
		int result = 1;
		result = prime * result + ((Age == null) ? 0 : Age.hashCode());
		result = prime * result + ((Name == null) ? 0 : Name.hashCode());
		return result;
	}
	
	@Override
	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
		if (this == obj)
			return true;
		if (obj == null)
			return false;
		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
			return false;
		Student other = (Student) obj;
		if (Age == null) {
			if (other.Age != null)
				return false;
		} else if (!Age.equals(other.Age))
			return false;
		if (Name == null) {
			if (other.Name != null)
				return false;
		} else if (!Name.equals(other.Name))
			return false;
		return true;
	}	
}

Output
Joseph = Playboy
Abdul = Playboy

32.Why List<Parent> is not same as List<Child> ?
Let’s say we allow a List to be a subtype of List.Consider the following example:We allow a List to be a subtype of List. Consider the following example:

   List<String> stringList = new ArrayList<String>;
   List<Object> objectList = stringList; //this does compile only if List<String> where subtypes of List<Object>
   objectList.add(new Object());
   String s = stringList.get(0);// attempt to assign an Object to a String and the Java compiler has to prevent these cases.

In the above code you can see adding Parent and Child class within the same List may result in scenario where you wont be
able to guess whether its a Parent or Child.

If Foo is a subtype (subclass or subinterface) of Bar, and G is some generic type declaration, it is not the case that G is a subtype of G.

It’s useful to make comparison to arrays.
List is not subclass of List But Dog[] is subclass of Animal[]
Arrays are reifiable and covariant. Reifiable means their type information is fully available at runtime. Therefore arrays provide runtime type safety but not compile-time type
safety.

   // All compiles but throws ArrayStoreException at runtime at last line
    Dog[] dogs = new Dog[10];
    Animal[] animals = dogs; // compiles
    animals[0] = new Cat(); // throws ArrayStoreException at runtime

It’s vice versa for generics:Generics are erased and invariant. Therefore generics can’t provide runtime type safety, but they provide compile-time type safety.
In the code below if generics were covariant it will be possible to make heap pollution at line 3.

    List<Dog> dogs = new ArrayList<>();
    List<Animal> animals = dogs; // compile-time error, otherwise heap pollution
    animals.add(new Cat());

 

33.What is the difference between instanceof and getclass()
instanceof tests whether the object reference on the left-hand side (LHS) is an instance of the type on the right-hand side (RHS) or some subtype.
getClass() == … tests whether the types are identical.

34.What are different reference types in java

  1. Strong References : We can create an object and then assign it to a reference. Note that if the object has a strong reference, this object is never be garbage collected.
    MyClass obj = new MyClass ();  
    
  2. Weak References :This type of reference is used in WeakHashMap to reference the entry objects.If JVM detects an object with only weak references (i.e. no strong or soft references linked to any object object), this object will be marked for garbage collection.
  3. Soft References :even if the object is free for garbage collection then also its not garbage collected, until JVM is in need of memory badly.The objects gets cleared from the memory when JVM runs out of memory
  4. Phantom References :A special reference which says that the object was already finalized, and the garbage collector is ready to reclaim its memory.Before removing them from the memory, JVM puts them in a queue called ‘reference queue’ . They are put in a reference queue after calling finalize() method on them

35.Difference betwen connection timeout and socket timeout?
A connection timeout is the maximum amount of time that the program is willing to wait to setup a connection to another process.A connection timeout occurs only upon starting the TCP connection. This usually happens if the remote machine does not answer. This means that the server has been shut down, you used the wrong IP/DNS name or the network connection to the server is down.
A socket timeout is the timeout when waiting for individual packets. A socket timeout is dedicated to monitor the continuous incoming data flow. If the data flow is interrupted for the specified timeout the connection is regarded as stalled/broken. if you have a socket timeout of 1 second, and a response comprised of 3 IP packets, where each response packet takes 0.9 seconds to arrive, for a total response time of 2.7 seconds, then there will be no timeout.

36.Why we need to do serialization when the same can be done by using file streams?
Serialized objects maintain state in space, they can be transferred over the network, file system, etc
you could save your data to a text file on the computer, then have a program that reads that info, and based on the file, you could have your
program respond differently. if you use Serializable then you can easily load your Object graph to memory. For example you have a Student class
which have a Deportment. So if you serialize your Student then the Department also be saved.

Serializing on the other hand, puts things directly into computer language. It’s like you’re telling a Spanish computer something in Spanish, rather than telling it something in French, forcing it to learn French, then save things into its native Spanish by translating everything.
Serialization is also faster, because in Java, objects are handled on the heap, and take much longer than if they were represented as primitives on the stack.

37.What is Functional Interface?
Functional interfaces have a single functionality to exhibit. For example, a Comparable interface with a single method compareTo is used for comparison purpose
Functional Interface is an interface which has one and only one abstract method. Apart from abstract method it can have any number of default and static methods which have an implementation and are not abstract and overriden method from Object.These interfaces are also called Single Abstract Method Interfaces. Few Functional Interfaces are Comparable, Runnable etc.More details here

38.What are marker interfaces?
Marker Interface in java is an interface with no fields or methods within it. It is used to convey to the JVM that the class implementing an interface of this category will have some special behavior.

Few Marker interface are as below

  1. Searilizable interface
  2. Cloneable interface
  3. Remote interface used for RMI
  4. ThreadSafe interface

Marker interface in Java e.g. Serializable, Clonnable, and Remote are used to indicate something to compiler or JVM that the class implementing any of these would have some special behavior. Hence, if the JVM sees a Class is implementing the Serializable interface it does some special operation on it and writes the state of the object into object stream. This object stream is then available to be read by another JVM. Similarly, if JVM finds that a class is implementing Cloneable interface, it performs some special operation in order to support cloning.

39.What is the Difference between String Literal and String Object?How it is stored in memory?

String s1 = "abc"; 
String s2 = "123";
String obj1 = new String("abc");
String obj2 = new String("def");
String obj3 = new String("456);

JVM allocates some memory specially meant for string literals. This part of the heap memory is called string constants pool.String literals s1 and s2 will go to string constant pool, objects obj1, obj2, obj3 to the heap. All of them, will be referenced from the Stack.”abc” will appear in heap and in string constant pool. Why is String s1 = “abc” and String obj1 = new String(“abc”) will be created this way? It’s because String obj1 = new String(“abc”) explicitly creates a new and referentially distinct instance of a String object and String s1 = “abc” may reuse an instance from the string constant pool if one is available.

40.What are ways of object creation in Java?

  1. Using new Keyword

    Employee objEmp = new Employee(); 
    
  2. Using newInstance

    Class cls = Class.forName("Employee"); 
    Employee obj =  (Employee) cls.newInstance(); 
    
  3. Using clone() method

    public class Employee implements Cloneable 
    { 
        @Override
        protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException 
        { 
            return super.clone(); 
        }     
      
        public static void main(String[] args) 
        { 
            Employee obj1 = new Employee(); 
            try
            { 
                Employee obj2 = (Employee) obj1.clone();       
            } 
            catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) 
            { 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    
  4. Using deserialization
    Refere Here
  5. Using newInstance() method of Constructor class(Reflection)

    Constructor<Employee> constructor = Employee.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
    Employeer = constructor.newInstance();
    r.setName("GeeksForGeeks");
    System.out.println(r.name);
    

41.When overriding a method, why can I increase access but not decrease it?
It’s a fundamental principle in OOP: the child class is a fully-fledged instance of the parent class, and must, therefore, present at least the same interface as the parent class. Making protected/public things less visible would violate this idea; you could make child classes unusable as instances of the parent class. Lets take the below code

class Person{
 public void display(){
      //some operation
    }
 }

class Employee extends Person{
   private void display(){
       //some operation
   }
 }

Calling Overridden method

Person p=new Employee();

Here p is the object reference with type Person(superclass) when we are calling p.display(). As the access modifier is more restrictive, the object reference p cannot access child object of type Employee

42.What if the same method is there in Abstract class and in interface?

public interface Intr {
    public void add();
}

public abstract class Abs {
    public void add() {
        System.out.println("Abs.m1()");
    }
    // public abstract void m1();
}

public class A extends Abs implements Intr {

    @Override
    public void add() {
        // which method am I overriding, well it is Abs.m1() but why?
        // if method implemented is Abs.add(), then why I am not getting error for Intr.add() not implemented.
    }
}

In the above implementation at the sametime, we are fulfilling the abstract class requirements and the interface requirements.it might make sense to move the implements Intr up to the abstract class definition. Though the abstract class method would be overridden first.

43.When you add a date Field to Immutable class despite it being declared as final it is modifiable as in below code, How will you create an immutable class with date field in it?

date = getDate();
date.setYear(2010); // allowed!

In the below code we have used defensive copying by sending the values of the date field and sending a copy of the date for accessing its value.

Solution

public Date getDate() {
    // Not correct.
    return this.date; // This will make your class mutable.

    // Instead use, 
    return new Date(this.date.getTime()); // This will make sure your date field cannot be changed.
}

44.What is Defensive Copying?
Lets take the code as below

class Point {
  final int x;
  final int y;

  Point(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }

  Point(Point p) {
    this(p.x, p.y);
  }
}
  1. In the above code note how the constructor Point(Point p) takes a Point and makes a copy of it – that’s a copy constructor.
  2. This is a defensive copy because the original Point is protected from change by taking a copy of it
// A simple point.
Point p1 = new Point(3,42);
// A new point at the same place as p1 but a completely different object.
Point p2 = new Point(p1);

Using the above code you never have two references to the same object by accident

Q: What is the Contract First and Service First Approach?
Contract-first is where you create the WSDL, and then you can create the implementation from this, and since the WSDL is your contract, this would be contract-first.
Service First or Contract-last or Code-First is where the WSDL is created from the source code, or implementation, so it will most likely be generated by a tool rather than created by the developer.

Q: Which is the better approach to web services – contract first or contract last?
Contract-first is the generally accepted ‘best practice.’.Both the producer and consumer of the service exactly what is needed and what is expected. It empowers the developer to use the full capabilities of XML (restrictions, patterns, …) and from there it is fairly easy to generate code for any programming language. One other reason is that the schema in the is the contract between the two systems talking to each other. If the developer creates the WSDL from code, technical dependencies on the specific programming language might be introduced (datatypes, …)

WSDL should be manually composed without using third party tool. Many now adays are not doing so since they find code first approach and generating WSDL is easy for them.

Below is simple code which generates WSDL using @WebService annotation

@WebService
public class TestService {
	@WebMethod
	public String sayHello(String msg){
		return "Hello "+msg;
	}	
}

Q: What JAXB does?
JAXB helps in converting Java Class to XML and Vice Versa. We always code our business logic in Java but the web service communication always happens by XML. So in order for this to happen we use third party tools like JAXB or JAXB2 plugins.

Q: What is the structure of SOAP Envelope?
A SOAP based web service message is a hierarchical XML packet, consisting of up to four parts.

  1. Envelope
  2. Header
  3. Body(Contains either Request or Response)
  4. Fault(Found only in Response)
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENV = "http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-envelope" 
   SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle = "http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding">
 
   <SOAP-ENV:Header>
      ...
      ...
   </SOAP-ENV:Header>
   <SOAP-ENV:Body>
      ...
      ...
      <SOAP-ENV:Fault>
         ...
         ...
      </SOAP-ENV:Fault>
      ...
   </SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP_ENV:Envelope>

Q: What are different part of WSDL Denote?
wsdl:types – Datatypes used in Request and Response. It contains the copy of entire XSD.
wsdl:message – Request and Response structure composed from various datatypes defined above.
wsdl:portType – PortType is like Interface. It tells about methods, their input and output.
wsdl:binding – Binding is like implementation of PortType. Defines how the SOAP service could be accessed over http,https or MQ.
wsdl:service – Contains the port which defines the Endpoint URL, port number

Q: What does REST Webservice follow? Contract First or Service First?
Unlike SOAP that exposes methods and method signatures, REST exposes resources. An understanding of the media types used in the exchange of those resources is all a REST client needs in order to communicate with a REST web service. There is no need for a separate document to describe the resources. Hence REST follows Service First Approach though Contract First Approach could be implemented.

Q: What are the Key Components in Webservices
All the web services has a Service Definition. Service Definition contains the following

  1. Request and Response Format
  2. Request Structure
  3. Response Structure
  4. API Endpoints

Q: what is the difference between XSD and WSDL?
WSDL (Web Services Description Language) describes your service and its operations – what is the service called, which methods does it offer, what kind of in parameters and return values do these methods have?

It’s a description of the behavior of the service – its functionality.

XSD (XML Schema Definition) describes the static structure of the complex data types being exchanged by those service methods. It describes the types, their fields, any restriction on those fields (like max length or a regex pattern), and so forth.

WSDL documents have an associated XSD that shows what is valid to put in a WSDL document.

Q:Short Descriptions on Tags below

<definitions name = "HelloService"
   targetNamespace = "http://www.examples.com/wsdl/HelloService.wsdl"
   xmlns:tns = "http://www.examples.com/wsdl/HelloService.wsdl"
   xmlns = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"
   xmlns:soap = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/"
   xmlns:xsd = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
.
.
</definitions>
  • targetNamespace – is a convention of XML Schema that enables the WSDL document to refer to itself
  • xmlns:tns – When a complex object type is defined the targetnamespace could be used for deriving the way the object should be interpreted
    Refer Here
  • xmlns – Unique Identifier for xml elements
  • xmlns:soap – It should always have the value of: “http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope/”.The namespace defines the Envelope as a SOAP Envelope.
    If a different namespace is used, the application generates an error and discards the message.
  • xmlns:xsd – XSD is XML Schema Definition Language. XSD files are used to validate that XML files conform to a certain format.Without XML Schema (XSD file) an XML file is a relatively free set of elements and attributes. The XSD file defines which elements and attributes are permitted and in which order. In SOAP, XSD tells how the Structure of Request and Response should be

What is use of xsi:schemalocation?
While developing Webservice XSD is the first file that is created. XSD contains data types that would be used in requests and responses. Once XSD is created Request and Response would be developed based on XSD. xsi:schemalocation is a tag used in response and request which helps in validating the datatype used conforms to one is XSD. In other words, it helps the IDE to keep a check by cross-checking elements defined in request and response are the same as one defined in XSD.

Q1:Difference between concrete wsdl and abstract wsdl
Typically a wsdl contains – types, Messages, porttype, Binding and service
Using Types ,messages and porttype we can’t do anything with that.. which is abstract part. Binding and service has more info about the webservices. So it’s concrete.abstract wsdl is enough to consume a soap service … If we use an abstract wsdl and if we try to generate classes we will not be able to see the java files and only class files can be obtained …
Concrete wsdl can provide complete details about the service…

It is not safe to provide the concrete wsdl to the consumer if he is not to be trusted ..
Please Refer Here

Q2:What is the Difference between SOAP and REST
Refer Here

Q3:What do you mean by Stateless in terms of RESTAPI?
The state of the client application is never stored on the server and is passed on. In this process, the client send all the information that is required for the server to fulfill the HTTP request and the server responds make with HTTP Response.The following are the advantages of Statelessness
HTTP protocol and REST web service, both shares the feature of statelessness. Every method required for communication is identified as an independent method i.e. there are no dependencies to other methods.Any previous communication with the client and server is not maintained and thus the whole process is very much simplified.If any information or metadata used earlier in required in another method, then the client sends again that information with HTTP request.

Q4:What is Resource in RESTApi? What is Resource Representation? Why its important?
‘Resource’ is defined as an object of a type which can be an image, HTML file, text data, and any type of dynamic data.JSON
YAML,XML,HTML are some of the Resource Types.Representation of Resource is important because it determines the easy identification of resources. With proper representations of resource in the proper format, allows the client to easily understand the format.

Q5:What is Caching?Use of Cache Control Header?
Caching is the process in which server response is stored so that a cached copy can be used when required and there is no need of generating the same response again. This process not only reduces the server load but in turn increase the scalability and performance of the server. Only the client is able to cache the response and that too for a limited period of time.

Cache control header can help in attaining cache ability.
Public: Resources that are marked as the public can be cached by any intermediate components(gateways) between the client and server.
Private: Resources that are marked as private can only be cached by the client.
No cache means that particular resource cannot be cached and thus the whole process is stopped.

Q6:What is Payload?
Request data which is present in the body part of every HTTP message is referred as ‘Payload’. In Restful web service, the payload can only be passed to the recipient through POST method.

Q7:Different HTTP methods
GET: This is a read only operation which fetches the list of users on the server.
PUT: This operation is used for the creation of any new resource on the server.
POST: This operation is used for updating an old resource or for creating a new resource.
DELETE: As the name suggests, this operation is used for deleting any resource on the server.
OPTIONS: This operation fetches the list of any supported options of resources that are available on the server.

Q8:What is the difference between PUT method and POST method?
PUT is idempotent, so if you PUT an object twice, it has no effect. You can update or create a resource with PUT with the same object URL.POST is to create new resource.If you are depending on server to create new resource using POST will result in multiple resource creation since server is the one which decides where to place the object. refer here

Q9:What is JAX-RS and what are its implementations?
JAX-RS is defined as the Java API for RESTful web service. Few of its implementations include Jersey,RESTEasy,Apache CFXPlay

Q10:What is use of OPTIONS and HEAD?
OPTIONS tells you things such as “What methods are allowed for this resource”.OPTIONS Identifying which HTTP methods a resource supports, e.g. can we DELETE it or update it via a PUT?OPTIONS method returns info about API (methods/content type)

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Allow: GET,HEAD,POST,OPTIONS,TRACE
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Wed, 08 May 2013 10:24:43 GMT
Content-Length: 0

HEAD Checking whether a resource has changed. This is useful when maintaining a cached version of a resource.Retrieving metadata about the resource, e.g. its media type or its size, before making a possibly costly retrieval.HEAD gets the HTTP header you would get if you made a GET request, but without the body. This lets the client determine caching information, what content-type would be returned, what status code would be returned.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Wed, 08 May 2013 10:12:29 GMT
ETag: "780602-4f6-4db31b2978ec0"
Last-Modified: Thu, 25 Apr 2013 16:13:23 GMT
Content-Length: 1270

Q11.Maximum length of HTTP GET request?
The limit is dependent on both the server and the client.As already mentioned, HTTP itself doesn’t impose any hard-coded limit on request length; but browsers have limits ranging on the 2kb – 8kb .If the limit is exceeded in either the browser or the server, most will just truncate the characters outside the limit without any warning

HTTP 1.1 defines Status Code 414 Request-URI Too Long for the cases where a server-defined limit is reached which is usually configureable somewhere in the server configuration.For the case of client-defined limits, there is no sense on the server returning something, because the server won’t receive the request at all.

Q12.What is need for HttpMessageConverter?
Spring MVC uses HttpMessageConverter to convert the Http request to an object representation and back.Spring Framework then uses one of the Jackson message converters to marshall and unmarshall Java Objects to and from JSON over HTTP.Spring will use the “Accept” header to determine the media type that it needs to respond with and uses the “Content-Type” header to determine the media type of the request body.

Default Message Converters in Spring MVC
StringHttpMessageConverter: it converts Strings from the HTTP request and response.
FormHttpMessageConverter: it converts form data to/from a MultiValueMap.
ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter: it converts byte arrays from the HTTP request and response.
MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter: it converts JSON from the HTTP request and response.
Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter: it converts Java objects to/from XML.
SourceHttpMessageConverter: it converts javax.xml.transform.Source from the HTTP request and response.
AtomFeedHttpMessageConverter: it converts Atom feeds.
RssChannelHttpMessageConverter: it converts RSS feeds.

@EnableWebMvc annotation, it automatically registered default Http message converters with application as listed above according to available library in the class path.

Q13.What is WS-Addressing?
WS-Addressing is useful in situations where the SOAP response can’t be served immediately. Either the resources to form the response are not available right away or the result itself takes a long time to be generated. There are times where your business takes time.something which needs manually intervention, something to be approved, whatever, but it takes days to do it. keeping the connection opened all that time and waiting for the response would be inefficient.notification process comes to rescue in these kind of scenarios.The client makes a requests but does not wait for the response. It instead instructs the server where to send the response by use of a “reply to” address. Once the response is available, the server connects to that address and sends the response.Instead of relying on network-level transport to convey routing information, a message utilizing WS-Addressing may contain its own dispatch metadata in a standardized SOAP header.WS-Addressing you are not tied to that. You can demand the response on another type of channel. Request comes on HTTP for example, but you can instruct the server to send the response back over SMTP, for example.

Q14.What is SOAP handler or handler Resolver ?
The handler framework in the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) allows applications to address cross-cutting and/or system-level concerns by opening the service and client runtimes for applications to plug in modular components. SOAP handler is a SOAP message interceptor, which is able to intercept incoming or outgoing SOAP message and manipulate its values. For example, attach a SOAP handler in client side, which will inject client’s computer MAC address into the SOAP header block for every outgoing SOAP message that is send by the client. In server side, attach another SOAP handler, to retrieve back the client’s MAC address in SOAP header block from every incoming SOAP message.This mechanism also allows the separation of the most fundamental concerns of application software in Web services development, effectively abstracting the system service into handlers and leaving the clients and services to focus on business logic.

JAX-WS specifies two types of handlers:

  1. Protocol handlers are specific to a protocol and may access or change the protocol-specific aspects of a message
  2. Logical handlers are protocol-agnostic and act only on the payload of a message

How XML Namespaces work?
Every element (or attribute) in XML belongs to a namespace, a way of “qualifying” the name of the element.Imagine you and I both invent our own XML. You invent XML to describe people, I invent mine to describe cities. Both of us include an element called name. Yours refers to the person’s name, and mine to the city name

<person>
    <name>Rob</name>
    <age>37</age>
    <homecity>
        <name>London</name>
        <lat>123.000</lat>
        <long>0.00</long>
    </homecity>
</person>

If our two XMLs were combined into a single document, how would we tell the two names apart? As you can see above, there are two name elements, but they both have different meanings.The answer is that you and I would both assign a namespace to our XML, which we would make unique:

<personxml:person xmlns:personxml="http://www.your.example.com/xml/person"
                  xmlns:cityxml="http://www.my.example.com/xml/cities">
    <personxml:name>Rob</personxml:name>
    <personxml:age>37</personxml:age>
    <cityxml:homecity>
        <cityxml:name>London</cityxml:name>
        <cityxml:lat>123.000</cityxml:lat>
        <cityxml:long>0.00</cityxml:long>
    </cityxml:homecity>
</personxml:person>

All of the tags that start with personxml: are tags belonging to your XML, all the ones that start with cityxml: are mine.

If you declare a namespace without the identifier, that is, xmlns=”http://somenamespace”, rather than xmlns:rob=”somenamespace”, it specifies the default namespace for the document.

Q1:What would be the output for the following Program?

Output:

True
False
False

Question1.java

public class Question1 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		String Name1 = "Mugil";
		String Name2 = "Mugil";
		String Name3 = new String("Mugil");
		String Name4 = new String("Mugil");
		
		System.out.println(Name1 == Name2);
		System.out.println(Name2 == Name3);
		System.out.println(Name3 == Name4);
	}
}

Output

true
false
false

Q2: there is a arraylist with Employee objects in it. The list contains duplicate Employee objects, Now i need to remove the duplicate objects from the list.how do you do that?
Override equals and hashcode and use equals method to compare two objects.If the class is coming from jar or uneditable use extends and override the hashcode and equals method
Question2.java

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Question2 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		List<Employee> arrEmp = new ArrayList<Employee>();
		
		Employee objEmp1 = new Employee();
		objEmp1.setName("Mugil");
		objEmp1.setEmpId(101);
		
		Employee objEmp2 = new Employee();
		objEmp2.setName("Mugil");
		objEmp2.setEmpId(101);
		
		Employee objEmp3 = new Employee();
		objEmp3.setName("mugil");
		objEmp3.setEmpId(101);
		
		
		System.out.println("Both Object are Equal - " + objEmp1.equals(objEmp2));
		System.out.println("Both Object are Equal - " + objEmp3.equals(objEmp2));
		
	}
}

Question2.java

class Employee
{
	String Name;
	int EmpId;
	
	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		final int prime = 31;
		int result = 1;
		result = prime * result + EmpId;
		result = prime * result + ((Name == null) ? 0 : Name.hashCode());
		return result;
	}
	@Override
	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
		if (this == obj)
			return true;
		if (obj == null)
			return false;
		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
			return false;
		Employee other = (Employee) obj;
		if (EmpId != other.EmpId)
			return false;
		if (Name == null) {
			if (other.Name != null)
				return false;
		} else if (!Name.equals(other.Name))
			return false;
		return true;
	}
	public String getName() {
		return Name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		Name = name;
	}
	public int getEmpId() {
		return EmpId;
	}
	public void setEmpId(int empId) {
		EmpId = empId;
	}
}

`

Output

Both Object are Equal - true
Both Object are Equal - false

Q3:What will happen if you call return or System.exit in try or catch block?Will finally block execute?
Scenario 1: Positive Scenario with no System.exit()

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question3 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{	
		System.out.println(getName());		
	}
	
	public static String getName() 
	{
		try {
			return "Mugil";
		} catch (Exception e) {
			throw new NullPointerException("return value is null");
		}finally {
			System.out.println("Finally Block Executed");
		}
	}
}

Output

Finally Block Executed
Mugil

Scenario 2 :System.exit() in try block before exception

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question3 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{	
		System.out.println(getName());		
	}
	
	public static String getName() 
	{
		try {
			System.exit(1);
			throw new NullPointerException("return value is null");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			throw new NullPointerException("return value is null");
		}finally {
			System.out.println("Finally Block Executed");
		}
	}
}

If the System.exit(1) is used after throw new NullPointerException then it compiler will complain for unreachable code.
Finally will not get executed
Output(Blank Screen)


Scenario 3 :System.exit() in catch block before exception

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question3 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{	
		System.out.println(getName());		
	}
	
	public static String getName() 
	{
		try {			
			throw new NullPointerException("return value is null");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			System.exit(1);
			throw new NullPointerException("return value is null");
		}finally {
			System.out.println("Finally Block Executed");
		}
	}
}

Output(Blank Screen)


The only times finally won’t be called are

  1. If you invoke System.exit();
  2. If the JVM crashes first;
  3. If there is an infinite loop
  4. If the host system dies; e.g. power failure, hardware error

Q3a:What are parameters of System.exit?

  • Zero(0) – when execution went fine – Everything Okay
  • Positive(1-127) – Something I expected could potentially go wrong went wrong anticipated exception – (bad command-line, can’t find file, could not connect to server)
  • Negative(values greater than 128) – Something I didn’t expect at all went wrong (system error – unanticipated exception – externally forced termination e.g. kill -9)

Q4:What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator
When you loop through list use listiterator since it is faster then iterator. It can traverse in both directions. Iterator can be used over collections whereas list iterator call be used only for list

When you are simple moving through List but you are not modifying the List object foreach is more efficient.In case you want to perform operations on each element of list individually taking out the element in such case use Iterator.

ListIterator Iterator
ListIterator to traverse List only Iterator is used for traversing List and Set both.
ListIterator, we can traverse a List in both the directions (forward and Backward). traverse in only forward direction using Iterator
We cannot obtain indexes while using Iterator We can obtain indexes at any point of time while traversing a list using ListIterator. The methods nextIndex() and previousIndex() are used for this purpose.
We can add element at any point of time while traversing a list using ListIterator. We cannot add element to collection while traversing it using Iterator, it throws ConcurrentModificationException when you try to do it.
By using set(E e) method of ListIterator we can replace the last element returned by next() or previous() methods. We cannot replace the existing element value when using Iterator.
Methods of ListIterator:

add(E e)
hasNext()
hasPrevious()
next()
nextIndex()
previous()
previousIndex()
remove()
set(E e)

Methods of Iterator:

hasNext()
next()
remove()

Q5:What would be the output of Following Program?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question4 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		my m = new my(){};
		m.myMethod();
		System.out.println(m.getClass().getSuperclass());
	}
}

abstract class my
{
	public void myMethod()
	{
		System.out.println("Abstract");
	}
}

Ans:The reason for this any anonymous class which has the same name as abstract class would be child class of the abstract class

Q6:Why we are unable to add primitives as generic type?

//Allowed
List<Integer> arrAges = new ArrayList<Integer>();

//Not allowed
List<int> arrAges = new ArrayList<int>();

Ans:This is to maintain backwards compatibility with previous JVM runtimes in the sense it could be referred by parent class instance Object

Q7: What would be the Output of following program

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question7 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println(getSomeNumber());
	}
	
	public static int getSomeNumber()
	{
		try{
			throw new RuntimeException();			
		}finally{
			return 1;
		}
	}
}

Output

1

Ans: Finally will run at any cause other than system.exit() call.

Q7a: What would be the Output of following program

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question7a 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		if(isQAAssured())
		  System.out.println("QA Checked");
		else
		  System.out.println("QA is not Checked");
	}
	
	public static boolean isQAAssured()
	{
		try 
		{
			return true;
		}
		finally 
		{
			return false;
		}
	}
}

Output

QA is not Checked

Q7a: What would be the Output of following program

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question8 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		javaHungry(null);
	}

	public static void javaHungry(Integer s)
	{
		System.out.println("Integer");
	}
	
	public static void javaHungry(Object s)
	{
		System.out.println("Object");
	}
	
	public static void javaHungry(String s)
	{
		System.out.println("String");
	}
}

Output

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Error: Unresolved compilation problem: 
	The method javaHungry(Integer) is ambiguous for the type Question8

Q8:The code wont compile since, To explain the things in details let have a look into the following code
Question8.java

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question8 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		javaHungry(null);
	}

	/*public static void javaHungry(Integer s)
	{
		System.out.println("Integer");
	}*/
	
	public static void javaHungry(Object s)
	{
		System.out.println("Object");
	}
	
	public static void javaHungry(String s)
	{
		System.out.println("String");
	}
} 

Output

String

The reason the above code worked is java compiler tries to find out the method with most specific input parameters to invoke a method.We know that Object is the parent class of String, so the choice was easy. If more than one member method is both accessible and applicable to a method invocation … The Java programming language uses the rule that the most specific method is chosen.

Now when the same is used in the before code which has String and int.You will get compile time error as The method foo(Object) is ambiguous for the type Test because both String and Integer class have Object as parent class and there is no inheritance. So java compiler doesn’t consider any of them to be more specific, hence the method ambiguous call error.

What would be the output?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question8 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		callMe(null);
	}

	public static void callMe(Exception e) {
		System.out.println("Exception");
	}

	public static void callMe(NullPointerException ne) {
		System.out.println("NullPointerException");
	}

	
	public static void callMe(Object s)
	{
		System.out.println("Object");
	}
}

Output

NullPointerException

As above explained, here callMe(NullPointerException ne) is the most specific method because it’s inherited from Exception class and hence this code compiles fine and when executed prints “NullPointerException”.

What would be the output?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question9 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		System.out.println(methodOfA());
	}
	
	public static int methodOfA()
	{	
		return (true?null:1);
	}
}

Output

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
	at com.mugil.org.qs.Question9.methodOfA(Question9.java:12)
	at com.mugil.org.qs.Question9.main(Question9.java:7)
  1. Now when you see the above code the first thing you notice is the code might throw compilation error.how a int can return a null.Whenever you return a primitive value from a method then it would be autoboxed to the wrapper type and sent back to calling method
  2. int is a primitive, null is not a value that it can take on. You could change the method return type to return java.lang.Integer and then you can return null, and existing code that returns int will get autoboxed.
  3. So the output would be runtimeexception that is NullPointerException

Q9:What would be the output?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question10 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		System.out.println("main1");
		main ("main2");
	}
	
	public static void main(String arg)
	{
	      System.out.println(arg);
	}
}

Output

main1
main2

Ans:Overloading static methods are allowed. Overloading is legal, Overriding is illegal since the static methods belong to a class and there could not be method with same name and parameters within the class

Q11:What would be the output?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question11 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		try 
		{
			printName();
			System.out.println("Inside Try Block");
		}
		catch (Exception e) 
		{
			System.out.println("Inside Exception Block");
		}
		finally 
		{
			System.out.println("Inside finally Block");
		}
	}
	
	public static void printName()
	{
		throw new Error();
	}
}

Output

Exception in thread "main" Inside finally Block
java.lang.Error
	at com.mugil.org.qs.Question11.printName(Question11.java:24)
	at com.mugil.org.qs.Question11.main(Question11.java:9)

Ans:-Control will go inside finally and Inside finally Block would be printed despite error.

Q11:What would be the output?

package com.mugil.org.qs;

public class Question12 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Animal[] arrAnimal = {new Animal(), new Dog(),new Animal()};
		
		for (int i = 0; i < arrAnimal.length; i++) 
		{
			arrAnimal[i].doStuff();
		}
	}
}


class Animal
{
	public static void doStuff()
	{
		System.out.println("Animal Stuff");
	}
}

class Dog extends Animal
{
	public static void doStuff()
	{
		System.out.println("Dog Stuff");
	}	
}

Output

Animal Stuff
Animal Stuff
Animal Stuff

Ans:-Since the methods are static it belongs to class not objects, the reference types are ignored and the calling type are considered. In our case Animal.

Q12:Why Fail fast are not thread safe where as fail safe are thread safe?
Concurrent Modification: Concurrent Modification in programming is to modify an object concurrently when another task is already running over it. For example, in Java to modify a collection when another thread is iterating over it. Some Iterator implementations may choose to throw ConcurrentModificationException if this behavior is detected.

Iterators in java are used to iterate over the Collection objects.Fail-Fast iterators immediately throw ConcurrentModificationException if there is structural modification of the collection. Structural modification means adding, removing or updating any element from collection while a thread is iterating over that collection. Iterator on ArrayList, HashMap classes are some examples of fail-fast Iterator.Fail-Safe iterators don’t throw any exceptions if a collection is structurally modified while iterating over it. This is because, they operate on the clone of the collection, not on the original collection and that’s why they are called fail-safe iterators. Iterator on CopyOnWriteArrayList, ConcurrentHashMap classes are examples of fail-safe Iterator.

To know whether the collection is structurally modified or not, fail-fast iterators use an internal flag called modCount which is updated each time a collection is modified.Fail-fast iterators checks the modCount flag whenever it gets the next value (i.e. using next() method), and if it finds that the modCount has been modified after this iterator has been created, it throws ConcurrentModificationException.

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
 
public class FailFastExample {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Map<String, String> cityCode = new HashMap<String, String>();
        cityCode.put("Delhi", "India");
        cityCode.put("Moscow", "Russia");
        cityCode.put("New York", "USA");
 
        Iterator iterator = cityCode.keySet().iterator();
 
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println(cityCode.get(iterator.next()));
 
            // adding an element to Map
            // exception will be thrown on next call
            // of next() method.
            cityCode.put("Istanbul", "Turkey");
        }
    }
}

Output

India
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
    at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextNode(HashMap.java:1442)
    at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:1466)
    at FailFastExample.main(FailFastExample.java:18)

Q13:What is Marshalling and Unmarshalling?
To marshall an object is to convert it into a form suitable for serialised storage or transmission; that is, to convert it from its native form within the JVM’s memory, into a form that could be sent down a wire, inserted into a file/database, etc. The specifics will vary depending on the form of marshalling involved; Java’s default serialisation mechanism is one way, but converting the object into an XML or JSON representation are equally valid.

Unmarshalling is just the reverse/other side of this process; taking a representation of the object created by marshalling, and using it to reconstitute an object instance within the JVM.

Q14:What will happen if we directly call run method?

class TestRunnable implements Runnable
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
      TestRunnable nr = new TestRunnable();
      Thread t = new Thread(nr);
      t.setName("Fred");
      t.start();
    }

    public void run()
    {
      System.out.println("TestRunnable in " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
    }
}

Output if only start is called:

TestRunnable in Fred

Output if only run is called:

TestRunnable in main

Existing thread will stop it’s current execution and it will call the newly created thread for which you called run()

Q14:Why is char[] preferred over String for passwords?
Strings are immutable. That means once you’ve created the String, if another process can dump memory, there’s no way (aside from reflection) you can get rid of the data before garbage collection kicks in.Character arrays (char[]) can be cleared after use by setting each character to zero and Strings not. If someone can somehow see the memory image, they can see a password in plain text if Strings are used, but if char[] is used, after purging data with 0’s, the password is secure.With an array, you can explicitly wipe the data after you’re done with it. You can overwrite the array with anything you like, and the password won’t be present anywhere in the system, even before garbage collection.

Q15:Java is pass-by-value or pass-by-reference?
Java is pass-by-value.Value of reference(address) is passed as value.

public class Question13 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		Points objPoints = new Points();
		Question13 objQuestion13 = new Question13();
		objPoints.setPoint(10);
		
		System.out.println(objPoints.getPoint());
		objQuestion13.swap(objPoints);
		System.out.println(objPoints.getPoint());
		
		
		objQuestion13.swapValue(objPoints);
		System.out.println(objPoints.getPoint());
	}	
	
	public void swap(Points pobjPoints)
	{
		Points objPoints = new Points();
		objPoints.setPoint(30);
		pobjPoints = objPoints;
	}
	
	
	public void swapValue(Points pobjPoints)
	{	
		pobjPoints.setPoint(30);
	}
}


class Points
{
	Integer point;
	
	public Integer getPoint() {
		return point;
	}
	public void setPoint(Integer point) {
		this.point = point;
	}
}

Output

10
10
30
  1. In the above program in the swap method we are passing the reference as value.So inside swap method the reference is assigned to new value and nothing happens outside
  2. In the swapvalue method again reference is passed as parameter, but we change the value by setting the value inside the location, inside the container using the setter method. so the changes we do inside would be shown up outside

Q16:Why does StringBuffer/StringBuilder not override equals or hashCode?

String Name1=new String("Mugil");
		String Name2=new String("Mugil");
		
		Map<String, Integer> hmNames = new HashMap();
		hmNames.put(Name1, 30);
		hmNames.put(Name1, 48);
		
		for (Map.Entry<String,Integer> entry : hmNames.entrySet()) 
            System.out.println("Key = " + entry.getKey() + ", Value = " + entry.getValue());

Output

Key = Mugil, Value = 48
StringBuilder Name1 = new StringBuilder("Mugil");
		StringBuilder Name2 = new StringBuilder("Mugil");
		
		Map<StringBuilder, Integer> hmNames = new HashMap();
		hmNames.put(Name1, 30);
		hmNames.put(Name1, 25);
		
		for (Map.Entry<StringBuilder,Integer> entry : hmNames.entrySet()) 
           System.out.println("Key = " + entry.getKey() + ", Value = " + entry.getValue());

Output

Key = Mugil, Value = 25

overriding hashCode() for mutable objects, since modifying such an object that is used as a key in a HashMap could cause the stored value to be “lost.”.In other sense if you have overridden the hashcode then the class would become mutable like in first hashmap example where String becomes mutable incontext to hashMap.String are immutable, but when the same is used in hashMap it becomes mutable because strings having Same value despite having different memory locations replace the before string since they have hashcode and equals overridden in their class.

Q17:When do you prefer to use ibatis over hibernate
Hibernate works well for case Create/Update/Delete some complex domain entities.myBatis is great for fetch queries (case 2) where you just want an answer. Run analytic fetch queries (i.e. summation/aggregation queries).Hibernate would attempt to load the entire object graph and you’d need to start tuning queries with LazyLoading tricks to keep it working on a large domain. Conversely if you just want some analytic POJO page, the myBatis implementation of the same query would be trivial.

Q18:What is the difference between singleton scope in spring and singleton pattern?
One is scope of bean in spring container and another is design pattern, single object per jvm instance.

Q19:Why does Map interface not extend the Collection interface in the Java Collections Framework?
One of the reason is other than map, all the interfaces designed to store a single element. But map is storing the elements in the key value pair.So methods in Collection interface are incompatible for Map interface.Same argument goes for addAll(), remove(), removeAll() methods. So the main reason is the difference in the way data is stored in Map and Collections.

Q20:How to create a ArrayList of fixed size in java
Note the question again.The question is wrong.For arrayList we can only set the Capacity not Size.
Capacity is how many elements the list can potentially accommodate without reallocating its internal structures.When you call new ArrayList(10), you are setting the list’s initial capacity, not its size.Size is the number of elements in the list.So the question supposed to be how will you allocate arrayList with some number of capacity.

List<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<Integer>(10);
System.out.println(arr);
System.out.println(arr.size());

Output

[]
0

So from above code though the memory space for the arrayList has been allocated the size of the array is still 0.

Now I want to allocated ArrayList with Size 10 with initial values being 0 in that.

public static void main(String[] args) 
	{	
		ArrayList<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<Integer>(Collections.nCopies(10, 0));
		System.out.println(arr);
		System.out.println(arr.get(0));
	}

Output

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
0

Q21:Has anyone used ArrayBlockingQueue? How does it work ?
The ArrayBlockingQueue class implements the BlockingQueue interface. ArrayBlockingQueue is a bounded, blocking queue that stores the elements internally in an array. That it is bounded means that it cannot store unlimited amounts of elements. There is an upper bound on the number of elements it can store at the same time. You set the upper bound at instantiation time, and after that it cannot be changed.

BlockingQueue<String> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<String>(1024);
queue.put("1");
String string = queue.take();

Q21:What is the significance of the attribute delete orphan in hibernate
DELETE_ORPHAN means if an entity is removed from a related one-to-many collection, then not only disassociate it from the current entity, but delete it.Lets take a Employee and Address Model.If you do a Cascade Delete in the Employee then the Employee rows would be removed from the Employee table and the association between the Address and the Employee is removed. The Row in Address table still exist and its a orphan record not referred. Now when you do delete orphan also this row in the address table would also be deleted.
de-associating the parent and child relation and then immediately delete orphan records from db.

Q22:What is difference between pojo and javabean?
Please Refer Answer

Q23: Difference between comparator and comparable?
Please Refer Here

Q24: What is coercion polymorphism in java
For example, you divide an integer by another integer or a floating-point value by another floating-point value. If one operand is an integer and the other operand is a floating-point value, the compiler coerces (implicitly converts) the integer to a floating-point value to prevent a type error. (There is no division operation that supports an integer operand and a floating-point operand.) Another example is passing a subclass object reference to a method’s superclass parameter. The compiler coerces the subclass type to the superclass type to restrict operations to those of the superclass.

Q25: What is double dispatching
please refer here

Q26: How does cocurrentmodification exception occur while modifying array list. To be precise based on which indicator
When we iterate through the same list and when we try to modify the same list … Then we get the concurrent modification exception …
Fail fast iterator is used for iteration so we get that error.There is an indicator called modcount which is checked inbetween every operation to make sure whether List is modified or not.

Q27: How will you copy object attributes from one object to another or how to create a object which has replica of all attributes from another object ?
Cloning is a process of creating an exact copy of an existing object in the memory. In java, clone() method of java.lang.Object class is used for cloning process. This method creates an exact copy of an object on which it is called through field-by-field assignment and returns the reference of that object. Not all the objects in java are eligible for cloning process. The objects which implement Cloneable interface are only eligible for cloning process. Cloneable interface is a marker interface which is used to provide the marker to cloning process

Shallow copy
The shallow copy of an object will have exact copy of all the fields of original object. If original object has any references to other objects as fields, then only references of those objects are copied into clone object, copy of those objects are not created. That means any changes made to those objects through clone object will be reflected in original object or vice-versa. Shallow copy is not 100% disjoint from original object. Shallow copy is not 100% independent of original object.

Deep Copy
Deep copy of an object will have exact copy of all the fields of original object just like shallow copy. But in additional, if original object has any references to other objects as fields, then copy of those objects are also created by calling clone() method on them. That means clone object and original object will be 100% disjoint. They will be 100% independent of each other. Any changes made to clone object will not be reflected in original object or vice-versa.

clone is tricky to implement correctly.It’s better to use Defensive copying, copy constructors or static factory methods.

Refer Here

Q28: While doing hashing we use to have prime numbers to perform modulo operation?even when u generate equals and hashcode in eclipse for ur class you would get 31 as divisor, culd someone explain this?
What is Prime Number
A number that is divisible only by itself and 1.Primes are unique numbers. They are unique in that, the product of a prime with any other number has the best chance of being unique due to the fact that a prime is used to compose it. This property is used in hashing functions.Given a string “Samuel”, you can generate a unique hash by multiply each of the constituent digits or letters with a prime number and adding them up. This is why primes are used.

Now why is 31 used?
Using a prime of 31 gives a better distribution to the keys, and lesser no of collisions. If you take over 50,000 English words (formed as the union of the word lists provided in two variants of Unix), using the constants 31, 33, 37, 39, and 41 will produce less than 7 collisions in each case.Using P(31), as it’s the cheapest to calculate (because 31 is the difference of two powers of two). P(33) is similarly cheap to calculate, but it’s performance is marginally worse, and 33 is composite(3*11=33)

Q29:You are thrown with a chained exception, now you need to find the root cause for the exception, which method will you use to get the actual cause for the exception?

Throwable getCause(Throwable e) {
    Throwable cause = null; 
    Throwable result = e;

    while(null != (cause = result.getCause())  && (result != cause) ) {
        result = cause;
    }
    return result;
}

Same using Recursion

public static Throwable getRootCause(Throwable throwable) {
    if (throwable.getCause() != null)
        return getRootCause(throwable.getCause());

    return throwable;
}

Using ApacheUtils

Throwable getRootCause(Throwable throwable) 
String getRootCauseMessage(Throwable th) 

What is BeanFactory?
The BeanFactory is the actual container which instantiates, configures, and manages a number of beans.Let have a look at how spring works

How it Works

  1. When the application is Deployed the Spring framework reads the xml file and creates the objects.Those are the objects which you see in the Spring Container
  2. Now when you try to refer any of these objects from the outside object using the new method it will throw an exception since or when you try to create a object using new method, the spring container has no idea about the object which you are trying to access
  3. Now to access the object in the container you will use the BeanFactory Objects

BeanFactory is represented by org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory interface.It is the main and the basic way to access the Spring container.Other ways to access the spring container such as ApplicationContext,ListableBeanFactory, ConfigurableBeanFactory etc. are built upon this BeanFactory interface.

BeanFactory interface defines basic functionality for the Spring Container like

  1. It is built upon Factory Design Pattern
  2. provides DI / IOC mechanism for the Spring.
  3. It loads the beans definitions and their property descriptions from some configuration source (for example, from XML configuration file) .
  4. Instantiates the beans when they are requested like beanfactory_obj.getBean(“beanId”).
  5. Wire dependencies and properties for the beans according to their configuration defined in configuration source while instantiating the beans.
  6. Manage the bean life cycle by bean lifecycle interfaces and calling initialization and destruction methods.

Note that BeanFactory does not create the objects of beans immediately when it loads the configuration for beans from configuration source.Only bean definitions and their property descriptions are loaded. Beans themselves are instantiated and their properties are set only when they are requested such as by getBean() method.

Different BeanFactory Implementations:

XmlBeanFactory using Constructor:

Resource res = new FileSystemResource("c:/beansconfig.xml");
BeanFactory bfObj = new XmlBeanFactory(res);
MyBean beanObj= (MyBean) bfObj.getBean("mybean");
  1. The XmlBeanFactory takes the resource object as Parameter
  2. bfObj points to the Spring Container from which you try to fetch the object
  3. mybean is the ID of the Object specified in the XML File
  4. In the above case BeanFactory loads the beans lazily.BeanFactory will read bean definition of a bean with id “mybean” from beansconfig.xml file, instantiates it and return a reference to that.
  5. There are tow implementation of Resource Intefrace. one is org.springframework.core.io.FileSystemResource as seen above and other is org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource which loads Loads the resource from classpath(shown below).
ClassPathResource resorce = new ClassPathResource ("beansconfig.xml");
BeanFactory factory = new XmlBeanFactory(resource);

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext:

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext appContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
        new String[] {"applicationContext.xml", "applicationContext-part2.xml"});

//an ApplicationContext is also a BeanFactory.
BeanFactory factory = (BeanFactory) appContext;

null

Note BeanFactory is not recomended for use in latest Spring versions. It is there only for backward compatability. ApplicationContext is preferred over this because ApplicationContext provides more advance level features which makes an application enterprise level application.

Autowiring vs new Object Keyword

Autowiring new Object()
decouples object creation and life-cycle from object binding and usage Using new Keyword creates new Object everytime.The object graph grows over a period of time.Consider UserDaoImpl perhaps needs a Hibernate session, which needs a DataSource, which needs a JDBC connection – it quickly becomes a lot of objects that has to be created and initialized over and over again. When you rely on new in your code
Autowiring offers object at different scopes – Singleton, request and prototype All objects are JVM Scope

How Autowiring works
The autowiring happens when the application starts up, during the time of deployment.When it sees @Autowired, Spring will look for a class that matches the property in the applicationContext, and inject it automatically.

Lets see a example where the dependencies are resolved by XML and annotation
ApplicationContext.xml

<beans ...>
    <bean id="userService" class="com.foo.UserServiceImpl"/>
    <bean id="fooController" class="com.foo.FooController"/>
</beans>

When it sees @Autowired, Spring will look for a class that matches the property in the applicationContext, and inject it automatically. If you have more than 1 UserService bean, then you’ll have to qualify which one it should use.

FooController.java

public class FooController 
{
    // You could also annotate the setUserService method instead of this
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;

    // rest of class goes here
}

Things to Note while Autowiring

  1. Marks a constructor, field, setter method or config method as to be autowired by Spring’s dependency injection facilities.
  2. Only one constructor (at max) of any given bean class may carry this annotation, indicating the constructor to autowire when used as a Spring bean. Such a constructor does not have to be public.
  3. Fields are injected right after construction of a bean, before any config methods are invoked. Such a config field does not have to be public.
  4. •In the case of multiple argument methods, the ‘required’ parameter is applicable for all arguments.

Annotation or XML
For instance, if using Spring, it is entirely intuitive to use XML for the dependency injection portion of your application. This gets the code’s dependencies away from the code which will be using it, by contrast, using some sort of annotation in the code that needs the dependencies makes the code aware of this automatic configuration.

However, instead of using XML for transactional management, marking a method as transactional with an annotation makes perfect sense, since this is information a programmer would probably wish to know. But that an interface is going to be injected as a SubtypeY instead of a SubtypeX should not be included in the class, because if now you wish to inject SubtypeX, you have to change your code, whereas you had an interface contract before anyways, so with XML, you would just need to change the XML mappings and it is fairly quick and painless to do so.

I haven’t used JPA annotations, so I don’t know how good they are, but I would argue that leaving the mapping of beans to the database in XML is also good, as the object shouldn’t care where its information came from.If an annotation provides functionality and acts as a comment in and of itself, and doesn’t tie the code down to some specific process in order to function normally without this annotation, then go for annotations. For example, a transactional method marked as being transactional does not kill its operating logic, and serves as a good code-level comment as well. Otherwise, this information is probably best expressed as XML, because although it will eventually affect how the code operates, it won’t change the main functionality of the code, and hence doesn’t belong in the source files.

How auto wiring works in Spring

  1. All Spring beans are managed – they “live” inside a container, called “application context”.the application context is bootstrapped and all beans – autowired. In web applications this can be a startup listener.
  2. All application has an entry point to that context. Web applications have a Servlet, JSF uses a el-resolver
  3. the context instantiates the objects, not you. I.e. – you never make new UserServiceImpl() – the container finds each injection point and sets an instance there.
  4. applicationContext.xml you should enable the so that classes are scanned for the @Controller, @Service, etc. annotations.
  5. Apart from the @Autowired annotation, Spring can use XML-configurable autowiring. In that case all fields that have a name or type that matches with an existing bean automatically get a bean injected. In fact, that was the initial idea of autowiring – to have fields injected with dependencies without any configuration. Other annotations like @Inject, @Resource can also be used

Spring MVC uses 2 design Patterns Internally

  1. Front Controller
  2. MVC

How Spring MVC Handles Request

  1. Receive the request from client
  2. Consult Handle Mapper to decide which controller processes the request
  3. Dispatch the request to the controller
  4. Controller processes the request and returns the logical view name and model back to DispatcherServlet
  5. Consult View Resolver for appropriate View for the logical view name from Controller
  6. Pass the model to View implementation for rendering
  7. View renders the model and returns the result to DispatcherServlet
  8. Return the rendered result from view to the client

MappingHandler
DispatcherServlet uses MappingHandler to find out which controller is right one for this request.There are many MappingHandler implementations which uses different strategies to map the request to Controller. By default DispatcherServlet will use BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping and DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping.

public interface HandlerMapping 
{
      HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception;
}

ViewResolver
With the help of ViewResolver strategy object DispatcherServlet can find out physical view from the logical view name. Similar to MappingHandler there are also many different strategies for resolving the view based on the different view technologies. Most commonly used implementation of ViewResolver is InternalResourceViewResolver.

public interface ViewResolver 
{
      View resolveViewName(String viewName, Locale locale) throws Exception;
}