Q1.What is the Difference between applicationContext and BeanFactory?
ApplicationContext is more feature rich container implementation and should be favored over BeanFactory.Both BeanFactory and ApplicationContext provides a way to get a bean from Spring IOC container by calling getBean(“bean name”)

1. Bean factory instantiate bean when you call getBean() method while ApplicationContext instantiates Singleton bean when the container is started, It doesn’t wait for getBean to be called.
2. BeanFactory provides basic IOC and DI features while ApplicationContext provides advanced features
3. ApplicationContext is ability to publish event to beans that are registered as listener.
4. implementation of BeanFactory interface is XMLBeanFactory while one of the popular implementation of ApplicationContext interface is ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.In web application we use we use WebApplicationContext which extends ApplicationContext interface and adds getServletContext method
5. ApplicationContext provides Bean instantiation/wiring,Automatic BeanPostProcessor registration, Automatic BeanFactoryPostProcessor registration,Convenient MessageSource access and ApplicationEvent publication whereas BeanFactory provides only Bean instantiation/wiring

Q2.What is the Difference between Component and Bean?

1. @Component auto detects and configures the beans using classpath scanning whereas @Bean explicitly declares a single bean, rather than letting Spring do it automatically.
2. @Component does not decouple the declaration of the bean from the class definition where as @Bean decouples the declaration of the bean from the class definition.
3. @Component is a class level annotation where as @Bean is a method level annotation and name of the method serves as the bean name.
4. @Component need not to be used with the @Configuration annotation where as @Bean annotation has to be used within the class which is annotated with @Configuration.
5. We cannot create a bean of a class using @Component, if the class is outside spring container whereas we can create a bean of a class using @Bean even if the class is present outside the spring container.
6. @Component has different specializations like @Controller, @Repository and @Service whereas @Bean has no specializations.

@Component (and @Service and @Repository) are used to auto-detect and auto-configure beans using classpath scanning. There’s an implicit one-to-one mapping between the annotated class and the bean (i.e. one bean per class). Control of wiring is quite limited with this approach since it’s purely declarative.

@Bean is used to explicitly declare a single bean, rather than letting Spring do it automatically as above. It decouples the declaration of the bean from the class definition and lets you create and configure beans exactly how you choose.

Let’s imagine that you want to wire components from 3rd-party libraries (you don’t have the source code so you can’t annotate its classes with @Component), where an automatic configuration is not possible.The @Bean annotation returns an object that spring should register as a bean in the application context. The body of the method bears the logic responsible for creating the instance.
@Bean is applicable to methods, whereas @Component is applicable to types

Q3.What is the difference between @Configuration and @Component in Spring?
@Configuration Indicates that a class declares one or more @Bean methods and may be processed by the Spring container to generate bean definitions and service requests for those beans at runtime

@Component Indicates that an annotated class is a “component”. Such classes are considered as candidates for auto-detection when using annotation-based configuration and classpath scanning.

@Configuration is meta-annotated with @Component, therefore @Configuration classes are candidates for component scanning

Q4.Life cycle of Spring Bean

1. There are five methods called before bean comes to ready state
2. BeanPostProcessor method – postProcessBeforeInitilaization and postProcessAfterInitilaization would be called between init method(3 methods)
3. After postProcessBeforeInitilaization @postContruct and afterPropertiesSet method would be called(2 methods)
4. Bean comes to Ready state
5. Once Spring shutdown is called @PreDestroy, destroy() and custom destroy method are called(3 methods)

Refer here

Q5.What is CGLIB in Spring?
Classes in Java are loaded dynamically at runtime. Cglib is using this feature of Java language to make it possible to add new classes to an already running Java program.Hibernate uses cglib for generation of dynamic proxies. For example, it will not return full object stored in a database but it will return an instrumented version of stored class that lazily loads values from the database on demand.Popular mocking frameworks, like Mockito, use cglib for mocking methods. The mock is an instrumented class where methods are replaced by empty implementations.

Q6.What is the difference between applicationcontext and webapplicationcontext in Spring?

1. Spring MVC has ApplicationContext and WebApplicationContexts which is the extension of ApplicationContext
2. There could be more than one WebApplicationContext
3. All the Stateless attributes like DBConnections and Spring Security would be defined in ApplicationContext and shared among multiple WebApplicationContext
4. ApplicationContext are loaded by ContextLoaderListener which is declared in web.xml
5. A single web application can have multiple WebApplicationContext and each Dispatcher servlet (which is the front controller of Spring MVC architecture) is associated with a WebApplicationContext. The webApplicationContext configuration file *-servlet.xml is specific to a DispatcherServlet. And since a web application can have more than one dispatcher servlet configured to serve multiple requests, there can be more than one webApplicationContext file per web application.

Refer here

Q7.What are different bean scopes with realtime example?
Singleton: It returns a single bean instance per Spring IoC container.This single instance is stored in a cache of such singleton beans, and all subsequent requests and references for that named bean return the cached object. If no bean scope is specified in the configuration file, singleton is default. Real world example: connection to a database

Prototype: It returns a new bean instance each time it is requested. It does not store any cache version like singleton. Real world example: declare configured form elements (a textbox configured to validate names, e-mail addresses for example) and get “living” instances of them for every form being created.Batch processing of data involves prototype scope beans.

Request: It returns a single bean instance per HTTP request. Real world example: information that should only be valid on one page like the result of a search or the confirmation of an order. The bean will be valid until the page is reloaded.

Session: It returns a single bean instance per HTTP session (User level session). Real world example: to hold authentication information getting invalidated when the session is closed (by timeout or logout). You can store other user information that you don’t want to reload with every request here as well.

GlobalSession: It returns a single bean instance per global HTTP session. It is only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext (Application level session). It is similar to the Session scope and really only makes sense in the context of portlet-based web applications. The portlet specification defines the notion of a global Session that is shared among all of the various portlets that make up a single portlet web application. Beans defined at the global session scope are bound to the lifetime of the global portlet Session.

Q8.What is Portlet application?what is the difference between a portlet and a servlet?
Servlets and Portlets are web based components which use Java for their implementation.Portlets are managed by a portlet container just like servlet is managed by servlet container.
When your application works in Portlet container it is built of some amount of portlets. Each portlet has its own session, but if your want to store variables global for all portlets in your application than you should store them in globalSession. This scope doesn’t have any special effect different from session scope in Servlet based applications.

The simplest way to think of this is that a servlet renders an entire web page, and a portlet renders a specific rectangular part (subsection) of a web page. For example, the advertising bar on the right hand side of a news page could be rendered as a portlet. But you wouldn’t implement a single edit field as a portlet, because that’s too granular. Basically if you break down a web page into it’s major sectional areas, those are good candidates to make into portlets. Portlet never renders complete web page with html start and end tags but part of page.

Spring Bean life Cycle is hooked to the below 4 interfaces Methods

1. InitializingBean and DisposableBean callback interfaces
2. *Aware interfaces for specific behavior
3. Custom init() and destroy() methods in bean configuration file
4. @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy annotations

InitializingBean and DisposableBean callback interfaces
InitializingBean and DisposableBean are two marker interfaces, a useful way for Spring to perform certain actions upon bean initialization and destruction.

1. For bean implemented InitializingBean, it will run afterPropertiesSet() after all bean properties have been set.
2. For bean implemented DisposableBean, it will run destroy() after Spring container is released the bean.

Refer Here and here

Custom init() and destroy() methods in bean configuration file
Using init-method and destroy-method as attribute in bean configuration file for bean to perform certain actions upon initialization and destruction.

@PostConstruct and @PreDestroy annotations
We can manage lifecycle of a bean by using method-level annotations @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy.

The @PostConstruct annotation is used on a method that needs to be executed after dependency injection is done to perform any initialization.

The @PreDestroy annotation is used on methods as a callback notification to signal that the instance is in the process of being removed by the container.

@PostConstruct vs init-method vs afterPropertiesSet
There is any difference but there are priorities in the way they work. @PostConstruct, init-method.@PostConstruct is a JSR-250 annotation while init-method is Spring’s way of having an initializing method.If you have a @PostConstruct method, this will be called first before the initializing methods are called. If your bean implements InitializingBean and overrides afterPropertiesSet, first @PostConstruct is called, then the afterPropertiesSet and then init-method.

@Component
public class MyComponent implements InitializingBean {
	
	@Value("${mycomponent.value:Magic}")
	public String value;
	
	public MyComponent() {
		log.info("MyComponent in constructor: [{}]", value); // (0) displays: Null [properties not set yet]
	}
	
	@PostConstruct
	public void postConstruct() {
		log.info("MyComponent in postConstruct: [{}]", value); // (1) displays: Magic
	}

	@Override // (equivalent to init-method in XML; overrides InitializingBean.afterPropertiesSet()
	public void afterPropertiesSet() {
		log.info("MyComponent in afterPropertiesSet: [{}]", value);  // (2) displays: Magic
	}	

        public void initIt() throws Exception {
	  log.info("MyComponent in init: " + value);
	}

	@PreDestroy
	public void preDestroy() {
		log.info("MyComponent in preDestroy: [{}], self=[{}]", value); // (3) displays: 
	}

        public void cleanUp() throws Exception {
	  log.info("Spring Container is destroy! Customer clean up");
	}
}

Spring.xml

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">
	<bean id="customerService" class="com.mkyong.customer.services.CustomerService" 
		init-method="initIt" destroy-method="cleanUp">   		
		<property name="message" value="i'm property message" />
	</bean>		
</beans>

Output

MyComponent in constructor: [null]
MyComponent in postConstruct: [Magic]
MyComponent in init: [Magic from XML]
MyComponent in afterPropertiesSet: [Magic]
MyComponent in preDestroy: [Magic]
Spring Container is destroy! Customer clean up

When to use what?
init-method and destroy-method is the recommended approach because of no direct dependency to Spring Framework and we can create our own methods.
InitializingBean and DisposableBean To interact with the container’s management of the bean lifecycle, you can implement the Spring InitializingBean and DisposableBean interfaces. The container calls afterPropertiesSet() for the former and destroy() for the latter to allow the bean to perform certain actions upon initialization and destruction of your beans.
@PostConstruct and @PreDestroy – The JSR-250 @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy annotations are generally considered best practice for receiving lifecycle callbacks in a modern Spring application. Using these annotations means that your beans are not coupled to Spring specific interfaces.

Q1.How to inject bean created using new Operator or Injecting Spring beans into non-managed objects

1. Using @Configurable refer here
2. using AutowireCapableBeanFactory

Let take the below code

public class MyBean 
{
    @Autowired 
    private AnotherBean anotherBean;
}

MyBean obj = new MyBean();

I have a class doStuff in which the obj of MyBean created using new operator needs to be injected. To do this use AutowireCapableBeanFactory and call autowireBean method with beanFactory reference.

private @Autowired AutowireCapableBeanFactory beanFactory;

public void doStuff() {
   MyBean obj = new MyBean();
   beanFactory.autowireBean(obj);
   //obj will now have its dependencies autowired.
}

Q2.What is the Difference between @Inject and @Autowired in Spring Framework?
@Inject specified in javax.inject.Inject annotations is part of the Java CDI (Contexts and Dependency Injection) standard introduced in Java EE 6 (JSR-299). Spring has chosen to support using @Inject synonymously with their own @Autowired annotation.@Autowired is Spring’s own (legacy) annotation. @Inject is part of a new Java technology called CDI that defines a standard for dependency injection similar to Spring. In a Spring application, the two annotations work the same way as Spring has decided to support some JSR-299 annotations in addition to their own.

Q3.Use of the Following in Spring Framework?
@RequestMapping – All incoming requests are handled by the Dispatcher Servlet and it routes them through the Spring framework. When the Dispatcher Servlet receives a web request, it determines which controllers should handle the incoming request. Dispatcher Servlet initially scans all the classes that are annotated with the @Controller annotation. The dispatching process depends on the various @RequestMapping annotations declared in a controller class and its handler methods.The @RequestMapping annotation is used to map the web request onto a handler class (i.e. Controller) or a handler method and it can be used at the Method Level or the Class Level.
Example – for the URL http://localhost:8080/ProjectName/countryController/countries

@Controller
@RequestMapping(value = "/countryController")
public class CountryController {
 
 @RequestMapping(value = "/countries", method = RequestMethod.GET, headers = "Accept=application/json")
 public List getCountries() {
    // Some Business Logic
 } 

Annotations	Equivalent
@GetMapping	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
@PostMapping	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
@PutMapping	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT)
@DeleteMapping	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
@PatchMapping	@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PATCH)

@RequestParam – By using RequestParam we can get parameters to the method

@RequestMapping(value = "/display", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String showEmployeeForm(@RequestParam("empId") String empId) {
        // Some Business Logic
}

@Pathvariable – @PathVariable is to obtain some placeholder from the URI
If empId and empName as parameters to the method showEmployeeForm() by using the @PathVariable annotation. For e.g.: /employee/display/101/Mux
empId = 101
empName = Mux

@Controller
@RequestMapping(value = "/employee")
public class EmployeeController {
    @RequestMapping(value = "/display/{empId}/{empName}")
    public ModelAndView showEmployeeForm(@PathVariable String empId, @PathVariable String empName) {
                // Some Business Logic
    } 
}

Q4.What is the Difference between @RequestParam vs @PathVariable?
@RequestParam annotation has following attributes

http://localhost:8080/springmvc/hello/101?param1=10¶m2=20

public String getDetails(
    @RequestParam(value="param1", required=true) String param1,
        @RequestParam(value="param2", required=false) String param2){
...
}

defaultValue	This is the default value as a fallback mechanism if request is not having the value or it is empty. i.e param1
name	Name of the parameter to bind i.e param1
required	Whether the parameter is mandatory or not. If it is true, failing to send that parameter will fail. i.e false
value	This is an alias for the name attribute i.e param1

@PathVariable is to obtain some placeholder from the URI (Spring call it an URI Template) and @RequestParam is to obtain an parameter from the URI as well.@PathVariable annotation has only one attribute value for binding the request URI template. It is allowed to use the multiple @PathVariable annotation in the single method. But, ensure that no more than one method has the same pattern.Annotation which indicates that a method parameter should be bound to a name-value pair within a path segment. Supported for RequestMapping annotated handler methods.

localhost:8080/person/Tom;age=25;height=175 and Controller:

@GetMapping("/person/{name}")
@ResponseBody
public String person(
    @PathVariable("name") String name, 
    @MatrixVariable("age") int age,
    @MatrixVariable("height") int height) {

    // ...
}

Q5.What is use of @RequestBody and @ResponseBody?

1. @RequestBody and @ResponseBody used in controller to implement smart object serialization and deserialization. They help you avoid boilerplate code by extracting the logic of message conversion and making it an aspect. Other than that they help you support multiple formats for a single REST resource without duplication of code.
2. If you annotate a method with @ResponseBody, spring will try to convert its return value and write it to the http response automatically.
3. If you annotate a methods parameter with @RequestBody, spring will try to convert the content of the incoming request body to your parameter object on the fly.

Q6.What is @Transactional used for?
When Spring loads your bean definitions, and has been configured to look for @Transactional annotations, it will create these proxy objects around your actual bean. These proxy objects are instances of classes that are auto-generated at runtime. The default behaviour of these proxy objects when a method is invoked is just to invoke the same method on the “target” bean (i.e. your bean).
Refere here